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Haematology > Blood transfusion > Flashcards

Blood transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood group due to?

A

Antigens on the surface of the red blood cells

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2
Q

What do ABO genes encode?

A

Glycosyltransferase

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3
Q

What are glycans added to?

A

Protein or lipid on the red blood cell

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4
Q

What do the A and B genes code for?

A

Transferase enzyme

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5
Q

What is the A antigen?

A

N-acetyl-galactosamine

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6
Q

What is the B antigen?

A

Galactose

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7
Q

What is the difference between A and B and O?

A

‘O’ gene is non-functional allele (doesn’t put anything on the red cell)

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8
Q

How are A and B classed as?

A

Dominant

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9
Q

What is O classed as?

A

Recessive

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10
Q

What do people with blood group A have antibodies against?

A

Blood group B

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11
Q

What do people with blood group B have antibodies against?

A

Blood group A

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12
Q

What do people with blood group O have antibodies against?

A

Blood groups A and B

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13
Q

Do blood group AB have antibodies?

A

No

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14
Q

Which antibody is responsible for immune tolerance?

A

IgM

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15
Q

If a patient is blood group A. what donor blood can the receive?

A

A and O

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16
Q

If a patient is blood group B. what donor blood can the receive?

A

B and O

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17
Q

If a patient is blood group AB. what donor blood can the receive?

A

A, B and O

Universal recipient

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18
Q

If a patient is blood group O. what donor blood can the receive?

A

O

19
Q

If a patient is blood group A. what donor plasma can the receive?

A

A

20
Q

If a patient is blood group B. what donor plasma can the receive?

A

B

21
Q

If a patient is blood group AB. what donor plasma can the receive?

A

AB

22
Q

If a patient is blood group O, what donor plasma can the receive?

A

O

23
Q

What needs to be checked and recorded before someone can donate blood?

A
  • Extensive ‘behavioural’ screening
  • Sex, age, travel, tattoos
  • Tested for ABO and Rh blood groups
  • Screened for HepB/C/E, HIV, syphilis
  • Variably screened for: HTLV1, malaria, West Nile virus, Zika virus…
24
Q

What are possible indications for a blood transfusion?

A

To correct severe acute anaemia, which might otherwise cause organ damage
To improve quality of life in patient with otherwise uncorrectable anaemia
To prepare a patient for surgery or speed up recovery
To reverse damage caused by patient’s own red cells - Sickle Cell Disease

25
Q

What is blood separated into?

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Red blood cells

26
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • Clotting or coagulation factors
  • Albumin
  • Antibodies
27
Q

What does the buffy coat contain?

A
  • Platelets

* White cells/ leucocytes

28
Q

How is compatible blood chosen?

A
  • Blood sample (EDTA tube)
  • Two sample policy
  • Group and Screen/Save
  • Cross matching
29
Q

How many samples of blood need to be taken before giving blood to a patient?

A

2 sample (policy)

30
Q

What does group and screen include?

A
  • ABO and RhD type
  • Checked against historical records
  • Screen for allo-antibodies in serum
31
Q

What is Coombs test used for?

A

Trying to detect antibodies on the surface of blood cell

32
Q

What will happen if there is a reaction between antigens on the red blood cells an it is an IgM reaction?

A

Blood cells will clump together

33
Q

What will happen if there is a reaction between antigens on the red blood cells an it is an IgG reaction?

A

The blood cells wont clump together

34
Q

What is direct combs test used for?

A

Checks if the immune system is destroying the red blood cells as there aren’t enough of them

35
Q

What does indirect coombs test check?

A

to make sure donated blood is compatible with the patients

36
Q

What are some examples of what direct coombs testing looks for?

A
  • autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
  • passive anti-D
  • haemolytic transfusion reactions
37
Q

What are some examples of what indirect coombs testing looks for?

A

Cross matching

38
Q

How is the transfusion of blood cells carried out?

A
  • Stored in a fridge at 4oC
  • Transfuse over 2-4 hours
  • 1 unit increments hemoglobin by about ~5 g/L
39
Q

Platelets

A

1 dose platelets is the equivalent 4 blood donations(=4 pooled or 1 apheresis donor)
Increases platelet count by about 30.109/L
Stored at ~22oC
Short shelf life- 7 days
Transfuse over 20-30 minutes

40
Q

What are the uses of platelet transfusion?

A

Massive haemorrhage- Keep platelet count above 75x109/l
Bone marrow failure- keep platelet count <10-15 × 109/litre, or <20 × 109/litre if additional risk, e.g. sepsis
Prophylaxis for surgery
• Minor procedures- keep platelet count 50x109/l;
• More major surgery keep platelet count 80x109/l; CNS or eye surgery 100x109/l
Cardiopulmonary bypass- use only if bleeding

41
Q

Plasma

A

1 unit from 1 unit of blood

Stored frozen, allow 30 minutes to thaw

42
Q

What are possible uses of plasma transfusion

A
  • Massive haemorrhage
  • DIC with bleeding
  • Prophylaxis
43
Q

What is Cryoprecipitate?

A
  • Made from gradually thawing FFP

* It is a fibrinogen concentrate

Haematology (36 decks)

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