para 100A Flashcards
Levels of organization (in humans)
1-chemical 2-cells 3-tissues 4-organs 5-organ systems 6-organism
Chemical level
atoms- smallest unit of matter involved in chemical reaction
molecules- two or more atoms joined together
Cell level
the basic structural/functional units
Tissues
groups of similar cells that preform a certian function
Organs
two of more tissues grouped together to achive a specific function
organ system
two or more organs working together to create a system with a common function
organism
the collection of structural and functional systems making up any living thing
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
responsiveness
ability to detect and respond external or internal changes
movment
both voluntary and involuntary movement. includes movement of cells to movement of whole body
Growth
increase in size and complexity or increase in number of cells
differentiation
ability to change from unspecialized to specialized cells
stem cell
reproduction
formation of new cells. for growth, repair, replacment
Characteristics of human organism
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Differentiation
- Movement
Homeostasis
the body’s regulatory process to maintain balance of the internal environment
3 types of fats/fatty acids
- saturated
- polyunsaturated
- monounsaturated
saturated fats
-meats, dairy some vegetables
raise cholesterol levels by inhabiting the process that normally removes excess cholesterol
polyunsaturated fats
- found in things like sunflower, corn, soybean and cottonseed oils as well as fish
- helps rid the body of newly formed cholesterol
monounsaturated fats
- vegetable, canola and olive oil
- may reduce cholesterol levels
Trans fats
“hidden fats”
baked/fried foods,
technically are unsaturated they have similar effects to saturated fats on the cholesterol levels in the blood
stages of grief
DABDA
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
ionic bonds
are molecules that lose or gain electrons
cations
positive ions (donated 1 or more electrons)
anion
negatively charged (gained 1 or more electrons)
covalent bonds
share one or more electrons
hydrogen bonds
- doesnt form molecules, acts as a bond between atoms
- weak bound easily broken
DNA to mRNA transcription
- DNA double strand A-T, C-G
- adenine -thymine, cytosine -Guanine
-RNA single strand
-thymine is replaced by uracil
A-U, C-G
2 types of nervous tissue
- neurons
- neuroglia
parts of a cell
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm (contains organelles)
- nucleus
plasma membrane
- outer edge of a cell, made of phospholipd bilayer studded with proteins
- protects the cell
- makes contact with other cells
- contains channels for transport in and out
- contains identity markers
cytoplasm
- made up of many organelles and cytosol
- cytosol is the intracelluar fluid where organelles reside
buffer systems
blood- fastest but least effective
resp- slower than blood but more effective
metabolic (renal) -slowest but most effective
infants age
1 month to 1 year
neonate age
birth to 1 month (or discharge of hospital)
infant growth
2 months recognize faces/voices 3 months smile and frown 4 reach out 5 sleep, family vs stranger 6 teeth 7 stranger danger 8 learn "no" 10 responds to name/ crawl 11 stand/ walk
anxious avoidant attachment
constant rejection
normal BP peds
70 +2 times age
passive immunity
from mom, lose it as they age
school age
6-12
vitals start to approach that of adults
early adults
19-40
19-25 peak function
after 25 increased fat, decreased reflexes
41-60 year old have
vision and hearing loss
late adults 61+
decreased cardiac function can no longer compensate as well loss of elasticty of lungs plaque build up size of air way increases hypercarbia decreased metablisim and renal function decline of nervous system
brain shrinks 10-20% at what age
by 80
terminal drop hypothosis
mental function declines in the last 5 years of life
causes of altered loc
AEIOU TIPS
AEIOU TIPS
A E I O U T I P S
types of seizures
generalized motor (grand mal) full body
focal motor one area
behavioral or absent
status
interphase
G1-cell activation S-DNA copied G2-growth M-PMAT G-exit cell cycle
buffer chemical equation
H20 + CO2 = H2CO3 = H + HCO3
Isotonic
red blood cell unaffected in isotonic solution
concentration is the same inside and out
hypotonic
red blood cell swells in hypotonic solution
solution has more water less solute so water moves from high to low and the cell swells
hypertonic
red blood cell shrinks
higher solute concentration lower water so fluid form in the cell rushes out
Ligands
molecules that are either endogenous (produced by the body) or exogenous (given as a drug) that bind to a receptor causing a reaction
Hormones
specialized substance produced in one organ or cell group then carried to another area to preform a function
Atrophy
decrease in sizes due to lack of subcellular components
eg hypoxia leading to cell damage
hypertrophy
increase in size due to over synthesis
extended use of heart results in excessive growth
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
dysplasia
alteration in size, shape or function of a cell
metaplasia
one cell replaced by another
average man is 60% fluid
average women is 50% fluid
intracelluar fluid makes up 45% of body weight
extracelluar fluid makes up 15% of body weight
intercelluar fluid makes up 75% of the total fluid
ECF
extracelluar fluid is divided into interstitial and intravascular
4 Ms
maturity
multiple births
medications
meconium
length of pregnancy
40 weeks, 3 trimesters each approx 13 weeks
risk factors of preeclampsia
excessive weight gain blurred or altered vision protein in urine or decreased urine output diabetic smoking
Predisposing factors of placenta previa
multiple pregnancies Rapid succession of pregnancies, >35y/o, previous hx, recent sex
placenta previa vs abruptio placenta
placenta previa- abnormal position of placenta, painless, brigth red bleeding
abruptio- premature detachment of placenta, sudden onset of sever pain and dark red bleeding
passive transport
high to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
high to low concentration but requires a transport molecule (helper molecule) still does not use ATP
osmosis
(usually water but not always) movement of a solvent from low solute to higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane
filtration
solvent and solute from high pressure to low pressure
active transport
movment via pumps form low to high
-requires ATP
plasma
makes up 55% of blood, is 91% water and 9% plasma protein
homeostasis
self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability. responding to internal and external changes to maintain balance
ribosomes
contain RNA and protein, interact with other RNA to form amino acids
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- network of tubules, vesicles and sacs
- is responsible for lipids (fats) such as those found in the cell membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
- when ribosomes bind with ER
- is involved in building proteins
golgi complex
- located near nucleus
- involved in synthesis and packaging of carbohydrates and complex proteins
lysosomes
is the digestive system of the cell, contains enzymes that break down bacteria and organic debris
mitochondria
creates ATP adenosine triphosphate
nucleus
cell center, contains the genetic material called chromatin
RNA
responsible for controlling cellular activities
Epithelium
- lines the outside surface of the body and hollow organs
- provides protection, absorption of nutrients, secretions,
axons
conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
nerve cells have only one axon
dendrites
receive electrical impulses from other cells axons
nerve cell may have several dendrites
igE
-less than 1% of the antibodies in the blood, and is associated with allergic reactions. when mast cell receptors bind with igE they trigger a histamine release
fibrinogen
protein synthesized in the liver, responsible for clotting factor . converted into fibrin (stage 3)
prothrombin
protein synthesized in the liver, responsible for clotting factor. converted into thrombin (stage 2)
peroxisomes
found in high concentrations in the liver and used to breakdown toxins such as alcohol
4 points on how to prove Negligence
1) Duty to act- did you have the obligation to act
2) breach of duty- did you fail to uphold your obligation to act
3) injury- did they sustain some type of injury
4) injury caused by breach- did your actions cause the injuries
Stress stages
- Alarm reaction
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
What is a Carbohydrate
C6H12O6
Ph scale
acid 1- 14 base
Describe Synthesis , Decomposition, Reversible and Exchange reactions
- Synthesis (A+B=AB)
- Decomposition (AB=A+B)
- Reversible (A+B =AB = A+B) can be undone
- Exchange reactions (AB+DC=AC+BD)
Describe how Glucose is brought into the cell
facilitated transport requires the use of ATP
Explain Positive and Negative feedback loops
POSITIVE feed back enhances the original stimulus
-contractions in child birth, body senses change and reacts with increased contractions
NEGATIVE feed back reverses the original stimulus
-barorecptors sense increase in BP, relay information, body reacts to decrease HR or increase vasodilation
Describe the 3 different types of muscles
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac
Describe the 3 different types of muscles
Skeletal - striated and voluntary
Smooth - non-striated and involuntary
Cardiac - striated and involuntary
3Es of injury prevention
enforcement, education and engineering
