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ACP > para 100A > Flashcards

para 100A Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization (in humans)

A 
1-chemical
2-cells
3-tissues
4-organs
5-organ systems
6-organism
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2
Q

Chemical level

A

atoms- smallest unit of matter involved in chemical reaction

molecules- two or more atoms joined together

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3
Q

Cell level

A

the basic structural/functional units

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4
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells that preform a certian function

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5
Q

Organs

A

two of more tissues grouped together to achive a specific function

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6
Q

organ system

A

two or more organs working together to create a system with a common function

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7
Q

organism

A

the collection of structural and functional systems making up any living thing

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8
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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9
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to detect and respond external or internal changes

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10
Q

movment

A

both voluntary and involuntary movement. includes movement of cells to movement of whole body

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11
Q

Growth

A

increase in size and complexity or increase in number of cells

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12
Q

differentiation

A

ability to change from unspecialized to specialized cells

stem cell

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13
Q

reproduction

A

formation of new cells. for growth, repair, replacment

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14
Q

Characteristics of human organism

A
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Differentiation
  • Movement
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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body’s regulatory process to maintain balance of the internal environment

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16
Q

3 types of fats/fatty acids

A
  • saturated
  • polyunsaturated
  • monounsaturated
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17
Q

saturated fats

A

-meats, dairy some vegetables

raise cholesterol levels by inhabiting the process that normally removes excess cholesterol

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18
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A
  • found in things like sunflower, corn, soybean and cottonseed oils as well as fish
  • helps rid the body of newly formed cholesterol
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19
Q

monounsaturated fats

A
  • vegetable, canola and olive oil

- may reduce cholesterol levels

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20
Q

Trans fats

A

“hidden fats”
baked/fried foods,
technically are unsaturated they have similar effects to saturated fats on the cholesterol levels in the blood

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21
Q

stages of grief

A

DABDA

  • denial
  • anger
  • bargaining
  • depression
  • acceptance
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22
Q

ionic bonds

A

are molecules that lose or gain electrons

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23
Q

cations

A

positive ions (donated 1 or more electrons)

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24
Q

anion

A

negatively charged (gained 1 or more electrons)

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25
Q

covalent bonds

A

share one or more electrons

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26
Q

hydrogen bonds

A
  • doesnt form molecules, acts as a bond between atoms

- weak bound easily broken

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27
Q

DNA to mRNA transcription

A
  • DNA double strand A-T, C-G
  • adenine -thymine, cytosine -Guanine

-RNA single strand
-thymine is replaced by uracil
A-U, C-G

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28
Q

2 types of nervous tissue

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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29
Q

parts of a cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm (contains organelles)
  • nucleus
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30
Q

plasma membrane

A
  • outer edge of a cell, made of phospholipd bilayer studded with proteins
  • protects the cell
  • makes contact with other cells
  • contains channels for transport in and out
  • contains identity markers
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31
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • made up of many organelles and cytosol

- cytosol is the intracelluar fluid where organelles reside

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32
Q

buffer systems

A

blood- fastest but least effective
resp- slower than blood but more effective
metabolic (renal) -slowest but most effective

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33
Q

infants age

A

1 month to 1 year

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34
Q

neonate age

A

birth to 1 month (or discharge of hospital)

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35
Q

infant growth

A 
2 months recognize faces/voices
3 months smile and frown
4 reach out
5 sleep, family vs stranger
6 teeth
7 stranger danger
8 learn "no"
10 responds to name/ crawl
11 stand/ walk
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36
Q

anxious avoidant attachment

A

constant rejection

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37
Q

normal BP peds

A

70 +2 times age

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38
Q

passive immunity

A

from mom, lose it as they age

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39
Q

school age

A

6-12

vitals start to approach that of adults

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40
Q

early adults

A

19-40
19-25 peak function
after 25 increased fat, decreased reflexes

41
Q

41-60 year old have

A

vision and hearing loss

42
Q

late adults 61+

A 
decreased cardiac function
can no longer compensate as well
loss of elasticty of lungs
plaque build up
size of air way increases
hypercarbia
decreased metablisim and renal function
decline of nervous system
43
Q

brain shrinks 10-20% at what age

A

by 80

44
Q

terminal drop hypothosis

A

mental function declines in the last 5 years of life

45
Q

causes of altered loc

A

AEIOU TIPS

46
Q

AEIOU TIPS

A 
A
E
I
O
U
T
I
P
S
47
Q

types of seizures

A

generalized motor (grand mal) full body
focal motor one area
behavioral or absent
status

48
Q

interphase

A 
G1-cell activation
S-DNA copied
G2-growth
M-PMAT
G-exit cell cycle
49
Q

buffer chemical equation

A

H20 + CO2 = H2CO3 = H + HCO3

50
Q

Isotonic

A

red blood cell unaffected in isotonic solution

concentration is the same inside and out

51
Q

hypotonic

A

red blood cell swells in hypotonic solution

solution has more water less solute so water moves from high to low and the cell swells

52
Q

hypertonic

A

red blood cell shrinks

higher solute concentration lower water so fluid form in the cell rushes out

53
Q

Ligands

A

molecules that are either endogenous (produced by the body) or exogenous (given as a drug) that bind to a receptor causing a reaction

54
Q

Hormones

A

specialized substance produced in one organ or cell group then carried to another area to preform a function

55
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in sizes due to lack of subcellular components

eg hypoxia leading to cell damage

56
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size due to over synthesis

extended use of heart results in excessive growth

57
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

58
Q

dysplasia

A

alteration in size, shape or function of a cell

59
Q

metaplasia

A

one cell replaced by another

60
Q

average man is 60% fluid

average women is 50% fluid

A

intracelluar fluid makes up 45% of body weight
extracelluar fluid makes up 15% of body weight
intercelluar fluid makes up 75% of the total fluid

61
Q

ECF

A

extracelluar fluid is divided into interstitial and intravascular

62
Q

4 Ms

A

maturity
multiple births
medications
meconium

63
Q

length of pregnancy

A

40 weeks, 3 trimesters each approx 13 weeks

64
Q

risk factors of preeclampsia

A 
excessive weight gain
blurred or altered vision
protein in urine or decreased urine output
diabetic
smoking
65
Q

Predisposing factors of placenta previa

A 
multiple pregnancies
Rapid succession of pregnancies,
 >35y/o, 
previous hx, 
recent sex
66
Q

placenta previa vs abruptio placenta

A

placenta previa- abnormal position of placenta, painless, brigth red bleeding
abruptio- premature detachment of placenta, sudden onset of sever pain and dark red bleeding

67
Q

passive transport

A

high to low concentration

68
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low concentration but requires a transport molecule (helper molecule) still does not use ATP

69
Q

osmosis

A

(usually water but not always) movement of a solvent from low solute to higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

70
Q

filtration

A

solvent and solute from high pressure to low pressure

71
Q

active transport

A

movment via pumps form low to high

-requires ATP

72
Q

plasma

A

makes up 55% of blood, is 91% water and 9% plasma protein

73
Q

homeostasis

A

self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability. responding to internal and external changes to maintain balance

74
Q

ribosomes

A

contain RNA and protein, interact with other RNA to form amino acids

75
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • network of tubules, vesicles and sacs

- is responsible for lipids (fats) such as those found in the cell membrane

76
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

A
  • when ribosomes bind with ER

- is involved in building proteins

77
Q

golgi complex

A
  • located near nucleus

- involved in synthesis and packaging of carbohydrates and complex proteins

78
Q

lysosomes

A

is the digestive system of the cell, contains enzymes that break down bacteria and organic debris

79
Q

mitochondria

A

creates ATP adenosine triphosphate

80
Q

nucleus

A

cell center, contains the genetic material called chromatin

81
Q

RNA

A

responsible for controlling cellular activities

82
Q

Epithelium

A
  • lines the outside surface of the body and hollow organs

- provides protection, absorption of nutrients, secretions,

83
Q

axons

A

conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body

nerve cells have only one axon

84
Q

dendrites

A

receive electrical impulses from other cells axons

nerve cell may have several dendrites

85
Q

igE

A

-less than 1% of the antibodies in the blood, and is associated with allergic reactions. when mast cell receptors bind with igE they trigger a histamine release

86
Q

fibrinogen

A

protein synthesized in the liver, responsible for clotting factor . converted into fibrin (stage 3)

87
Q

prothrombin

A

protein synthesized in the liver, responsible for clotting factor. converted into thrombin (stage 2)

88
Q

peroxisomes

A

found in high concentrations in the liver and used to breakdown toxins such as alcohol

89
Q

4 points on how to prove Negligence

A

1) Duty to act- did you have the obligation to act
2) breach of duty- did you fail to uphold your obligation to act
3) injury- did they sustain some type of injury
4) injury caused by breach- did your actions cause the injuries

90
Q

Stress stages

A
  • Alarm reaction
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion
91
Q

What is a Carbohydrate

A

C6H12O6

92
Q

Ph scale

A

acid 1- 14 base

93
Q

Describe Synthesis , Decomposition, Reversible and Exchange reactions

A
  • Synthesis (A+B=AB)
  • Decomposition (AB=A+B)
  • Reversible (A+B =AB = A+B) can be undone
  • Exchange reactions (AB+DC=AC+BD)
94
Q

Describe how Glucose is brought into the cell

A

facilitated transport requires the use of ATP

95
Q

Explain Positive and Negative feedback loops

A

POSITIVE feed back enhances the original stimulus
-contractions in child birth, body senses change and reacts with increased contractions
NEGATIVE feed back reverses the original stimulus
-barorecptors sense increase in BP, relay information, body reacts to decrease HR or increase vasodilation

96
Q

Describe the 3 different types of muscles

A

Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac

97
Q

Describe the 3 different types of muscles

A

Skeletal - striated and voluntary
Smooth - non-striated and involuntary
Cardiac - striated and involuntary

98
Q

3Es of injury prevention

A

enforcement, education and engineering

ACP (15 decks)

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