200 overview Flashcards

1
Q

Action potential

A

3 Na+ in

2 K+ out

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2
Q

in the resting state the inside of the neuron is_______ and the charge outside the neuron is_______

A

Negative

Positive

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3
Q

When the neuron is stimulated _______ ions rush into the cell and begin a wave of _____ that travels down the cell.

A
sodium ions (Na+)
depolarization
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4
Q

Benzodiszepines

A
  • diazepam/Valium
  • midazolam/Versed
  • lorazepam/Ativan
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5
Q

diazepam/Valium

A

MOA: acts on the GABA type A receptors in the brain.

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6
Q

GABA

A

-is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS.
-benzos have no direct effect on the GABA recoptors, but do potentiate the effects of GABA.
increased GABA = increased sedation

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7
Q

AEIOUTIPS

A
A-alcohol/acidosis
E-epilepsy/electrolytes/encephalopathy
I-infection
O-overdose
U-uremia
T-trauma
I-insulin
P-psychosis/poisoning
S-stroke/seizure/syncope
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8
Q

Sensory neurons

A

related to touch, pain, temp, proprioception, sight, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium (balance)

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

-transmits nerve impulses from the PNS to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

5 drugs narcan reverses

A
  • fentanyl
  • heroine
  • morphine
  • oxycodone
  • hydrocodone
  • demerol
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11
Q

Morphine

A

pain managment

opiod analgesic

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12
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

is a neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

transmits action potentials from the PNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and certain glands

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14
Q

in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) cholinergic neurons include

A
  • all sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons
  • sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons that innervate, most sweat glands
  • all parasympathetic posy-ganglionic neurons
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15
Q

ACH always binds with

A

nicotinic or muscarinic receptors

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16
Q

4 types of neuroglia of the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglial cells
  • ependymal cells
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17
Q

astrocytes

A
  • build blood brain barrier
  • star shaped, have many processes
  • largest and most abundant
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18
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A
  • protoplasmic astrocytes
    • short branching processes
    • found in gray matter
  • fibrous astrocytes
    • long unbranched processes
    • found in white matter
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19
Q

processes of the astrocytes

A

make contact with blood capillaries, neurons and pia matter

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20
Q

functions of astrocytes

A
  • support neurons
  • help create unique selectively permiability around the endothelial cells
  • in the embryo, secrets chemicals that appear to regulate growth, migration and interconnection among the brains neurons
  • help maintain proper chemical enviromnt
  • aids in learning and memory by influencing the formation of the neural synapses
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21
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • resemble astrocytes but smaller and fewer processes

- responsible for forming and maintaining mylein sheath around CNS axons

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22
Q

microglial or microglia cells

A
  • small cells with slender processes that give off spine like projections
  • function as phagocytes: remove cellular debris/waste
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23
Q

ependymal cells

A

cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia

  • line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord (anywhere there is CSF)
  • produce, monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF
  • form blood brain barrier
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24
Q

parts of the brain

A
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
  • pitutary glad
  • wrenickes area
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebrum
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25
Frontal Lobe functions
- movement - critical thinking - problem solving - concentration - behavior, personality - judgement, planning - mood
26
parietal lobe
- sensations - language - perception - body awareness - attention
27
Broca's are
speech
28
occipital lobe
- vision | - perception
29
temporal lobe
- hearing - speech - language - emotion - memory
30
brainstem
- Midbrain: - Pons: - Medulla: HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, vomiting ceter
31
Cerebellum
- posture - balance - coordination of movement - fine motor control
32
Wernicke's area
-language comprehension
33
Hypothalamus
- homeostasis - hunger - thirst - temperature control
34
Epithalamus
contains pineal gland | secrets melatonin
35
amygdala
emotional processing
36
Hipppocampus
- part of limbic system | - involved in learning and memory
37
cerebrum
- gray and white matter | - corpus callosum joins the hemispheres
38
reticular function
- helps regulate muscle tone - alerts the cortex to incoming sensory signals - maintain consciousness - awaken from sleep
39
Brain Lobes and functions
- Frontal lobe: emotion, speech, personality, creativity - Parietal lobe: processing, nerve impulses relating to the senses - Temporal lobe: hearing, memory, language - Occipital lobe: vision
40
Gray matter
intergration
41
White matter
tracts
42
Basal Nuclei (Basal Ganglia)
- helps initiate and terminate movement - suppress unwanted movement - regulate muscle tone
43
Medulla
-controls HR, RR, swallowing, sneezing, vasoconstriction, and is the vomiting center
44
Pons
- connects different areas of the brain | - helps control breathing
45
medbrain
- controls eye movement - sensory impulses to the thalamus - process visual and auditory information
46
Cranial nerves
``` 1 Olfactory 2 Optic 3 Oculomotor 4 Trochlear 5 Trigeminal 6 Abducens 7 Facial 8 Acoustic/ Vestibulocochlear 9 Glossopharyngeal 10 Vagus 11 Accessory 12 Hypoglossal ```
47
1 olfactory
- sensory nerve - effects smell - test: smell alcohol swab
48
2 Optic
- sensory nerve - effects vision/ sight - test: vision chart
49
3 Occulomotor
- motor nerve - effects movement of the eye ball, eyelid and pupil constriction - test: follow finger, light reaction
50
4 Trochlear
- motor nerve - movement of the eye up, down, left, right - test: follow finger
51
5 Trigeminal
- both sensory and motor nerve - touch, pain, thermal sense, chewing, middle ear muscle, clenching, innervation of cornea - test: (touch test) touch patients face, clench jaw
52
6 abducens
- motor nerve - movement of eyeballs - test: follow finger
53
7 facial
- both sensory and motor - sensory signals form tongue, facial expression - test: stick out tongue, smile
54
8 Acoustic
- sensory nerve - hearing, equilibrium - test: balance on one leg, hearing from different distances
55
9 Glossopharyngeal
- both sensory and motor | - digestion, resting body, swallowing, BP, O2/CO2 retention, saliva
56
10 Vagus
- both sensory and motor - parasympathetic response, swallowing, thoracic/abdominal sensation - test: swallow/ bare down
57
11 Accessory
- motor nerve - movement of head, pectoral girdle - test: shoulder shrug
58
12 Hypoglossal
- motor nerve - speech, chewing, swallowing - test: speech, stick out tongue
59
Cranial nerves in the Medulla
- acoustic - glossopharyngeal - vagus - accessory - hypoglossal
60
cranial nerves in the Midbrain
- occulomotor | - trochlear
61
cranial nerves in the pons
- trigeminal - abducens - facial - acoustic
62
nerve plexuses
- cervical - brachial - lumbar - sacral & coccygeal
63
Cervical Plexus
- formed by the anterior rami (roots) of the first four cervical nerves: C1-C4 with some contributions from C5 - supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck and upper portion of the shoulders - the phrenic nerve arises from the cervical plexus
64
Phrenic nerve
- arises form cervical plexus - C3, C4, C5 - supplies motor function of the diaphragm
65
Brachial plexus
- anterior rami (roots) of spinal nerves - C5-C8 and T1 - extends inferiorly and laterally - passes above the first rib posterior to the clavicle - provides nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs - has 5 main branches
66
Branches of Brachial plexus
-axillary -musculocutaneous -radial median -ulnar
67
Lumbar plexus
anterior rami of L1-L4 | -supplies abdo wall, external genitals and lower limbs
68
Sacral & coccygeal plexuses
-anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4
69
Reflex arc
1) sensory receptor 2) sensory neuron 3) integration center 4) motor neuron 5) effector
70
damage to C1-C3
- no function maintained from the neck down | - require a vent for breathing
71
damage to C4-C5
-loss of control of diaphragm
72
damage to C6-C7
-maintain some arm and chest muscles
73
damage to T1-T3
intact arm function
74
damage to T4-T9
maintain control of trunck above navel
75
Damage to T10-L1
use of upper leg muscles
76
Damage to L1-L2
use of some lower leg muscles
77
Saltatory conduction
- special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons. - nodes of ranvier - jumping from node to node: faster
78
continuous conduction
- step by step depolarization and repolarization | - unmyelinated
79
neurotransmitters
- ACH: acetylcholine - glutamate - GABA - norepi - epi - dopamine - serotonin
80
ACH
- excitatory at the neuromuscular | - inhibitory at other synapses
81
Glutamate
-main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
82
GABA
-main inhibatory neurotransmitter of the brain
83
Dopamine
- active during emotional responses | - addictive
84
serotonin
- involved with sensory perception | - regulating mood, appetite and sleep
85
CPP= MAP-ICP
MAP=DBP + 1/3 PP
86
CPP MAP ICP
CPP 60-80 mmHg MAP 70-95 mmHg ICP 10-15 mmHg
87
anisocoria
unequal pupils
88
coma patients pupil response
normal pupil respones = toxic or metabolic cause | asymmetrical or unresponsive = tramatic or stuctural cause
89
stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
- decreased cardiac strength - decreased HR - decreased electrical excitability - accelerated digestive function
90
classifications of neurons
structural or functional
91
structural neurons are classified by number of processes extending from the cell body
- multipolar: several dendrites, one axon. all motor neurons and most neurons in the brain - Bipolar: one main dentrite and one main axon, found in retina and inner ear as well as olfactory area of the brain - unipolar: dendrites and axon are fused together
92
functional neuron classifactions | -based on the direction in which they convey impulse in regaurds to CNS
1) Sensory neuron: Afferent - unipolar - convey impulses toward CNS 2) Motor neuron: Efferent - multiolar - convey action potentials away from CNS 3) interneurons: Association - located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons - process incoming information and elicit a motor response - most are multipolar
93
Ion channels
- leak - ligand-gated - mechanical - voltage-gated
94
leak channels
- gated channels that randomly open and close | - found in nearly all cells, this includes dendrites, cell bodies and axons
95
ligand-gated channels
- open in response to binding of ligand(chemical stimulation) - found in dendrites and some sensory neurons such as pain recptors - found in dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons
96
mechanically gated channels
- open in response to mechanical stimulation (touch, pressure, vibration) - found in dendrites of sensory neurons
97
voltage-gated channels
- open in response to voltage stimulation | - found in axons of all neurons
98
Dermatones
- sensory information only - C1 doesn't a dermatone - trigeminal nerve has a dermatone
99
removal of neurotransmitter
removed by - diffusion - ezymatic degradation - uptake into the cell
100
Sympathetic - stems from Thoracolumbar region - Distributed to wide regions of body - skin - sweat glands - arrector muscles of the hair - adipose tissue - smooth muscle of blood vessels.
Parasympathetic -stems from Craniosacral regions Limited mainly to head and to viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis; some blood vessels.
101
sypathetic | -anterior rammi of the thoracolumbar T1-L2
parasympathetic cranialscaral -Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X -lateral gray matter of S2–S4.