500 Flashcards
3 basic steps of respiration`
1) pulmonary ventilation
2) external respiration
3) internal respiration
The respiratory system acts with the cardiovascular system to supply oxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood.
the respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gases.
It is symbolized by Px, where the subscript is the chemical formula of the gas
According to Dalton’s law, each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present.
- Henry’s law states that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility (given constant temperature)
In internal and external respiration, O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of higher partial pressures to areas of lower partial pressures.
External respiration or pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases between pulmonary alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries. It depends on partial pressure differences, a large surface area for gas exchange, a small diffusion distance across the respiratory membrane, and the rate of airflow into and out of the lungs
In each 100 mL of oxygenated blood, 1.5% of the O2 is dissolved in blood plasma and 98.5% is bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (Hb–O2).
The binding of O2 to hemoglobin is affected by PO2, acidity (pH), PCO2, temperature, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG).
Bohr effect
In an acidic environment, hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is lower, and O2 dissociates more readily from it
Haldane effect
In the presence of O2, less CO2 binds to hemoglobin
How Co2 is transported?
7%Plasma
23%Hemoglobin
70%Bicarbonate
4 different TB tests
Mantoux (skin test)
Chest X-ray
lymph node biopsy
Blood test
Blood gas ranges
Ph. 7.35-7.45
HCO3 21-26mEq/ml
SpO2 80-100%
ETCo2 34-45mmHg
H2CO3
carbonic acid
HCO3-
bicarb
H+
hydrogen
CO2
carbon dioxide
H2O
water
CO2 and H2O=H2CO3=HCO3- and H+
carbon dioxide plus water make carbonic acid (weak acid)
carbonic acid hates it self and splits. it drops 1 hydrogen and becomes bicarb and hydrogen
nothing is added or removed from equation just re-arranged
Causes of Pulmonary Edema
L-Sided heart failure
Capillary membrane damage
Lymphatic system issue
signs and symptoms of Pulmonary embolism
- cough
- dyspnea
- hemoptysis
- pain
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- distended neck veins
- Chest splinting
- pleuritic pain
- pleural friction rub
- crackles
- localized wheezing
How to size tubes for pediatrics
Cuffed age/4+3.5
noncuffed age/4+4
upper and lower air way divided at
glottic opening
upper air way
1-Nasal cavity 2-Olfactory membranes 3-Sinuses 4-Frontal 5-Maxillary 6-Ethmoid 7-Sphenoid 8-Nasopharynx 9-Oropharynx 10-Laryngopharynx
Nasal cavity
- divided into left and right by nasal septum
- Rich blood supply
- warms and humidifies air
- hair traps foreign bodies
Olfactory membranes
- Connect to middle ear cavity the auditory (eustachian) tubes
- smell receptors
Sinuses – four groups
Frontal – above eyebrows
Maxillary – cheekbones
Ethmoid – behind bridge of nose
Sphenoid – back of skull
Nasopharynx – back of nasal cavity, superior part of pharynx
Oropharynx – begins at uvula, extends to epiglottis
Laryngopharynx – epiglottis to esophagus
also can be called hypopharynx
Lower air way
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
- Pleural space