700 Flashcards
4 functions of electrolytes
- control osmosis of water
- help maintain acid base balance
- carry electrical current
- cofactors needed for activity of enzymes
AHD VS Aldosterone
ADH
- released from posterior pituitary
- increases osmolarity of ECF, decreases blood volume
- target site is collecting duct and principal cells
- increases waster reabsorption
Aldosterone
- released from adrenal cortex
- increased angiotensin 2, and potassium
- target site collecting duct
- increased K+, increased reabsorption of water and Na+
- increased BP and volume
Net Filtration pressures
- Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure: outwatd from capsule. 55 mmHg
- capsular Hydrostatic Pressure: inwards. 15 mmHg
- Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure: inward 30 mmHg
2 major blood vessels of abdomen
aorta
inferior vena cava
Function of Nephrons
- Glomerular filtraion
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
Functions of nephrons
- Glomerular filtraion: blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule
- Tubular reabsorption: along renal tubule and collecting duct water, ions and other substaces get reabsorbed
- Tubular secertion: along renal tubule and collecting duct waste, drugs amd excess ions are secreted and ultimately excreted via urine
4 cells of the GI tract
- Absorptive cells
- Goblet cells
- Enteroendocrine cell
- Paneth cells
4 cells of GI tract
- absorptive cell: digest and absorb nutrients
- Goblet cells: secrete mucus
- Enteroendocrine cells: secrete GIP (gastric inhibatory polypeptide)
- Paneth cells: secretes lysozynes, phagocytesis
4 cells of the stomach
- mucous cell
- parietal cell
- cheif cell
- G cell
4 cells of the stomach
- Mucous cell: secrete Mucous, proctive barrier that prevents break down of stomach wall
- parietal cells: secrete intrinsic factor and HCL, absotption of B12
- Cheif cells: secrete pepsinogen, breaks protiens into peptides
- G-cells: secrete Gastrin, stimulates parietal and cheif cells, increases motility of the stomach
urinary catheterization indications vs contraindications
indications
- urinary retention
- immobility
- bed ridden
- enlarged prostate
- nerve injury of the bladder
- hip Fx
contraindacations
- trauma to urinary tract
- urethral mass
- acute bacterial prostatitis
3 salavary glands
- submandibular
- sublingual
- parotid
3 salavary glands
- submandibular: bentath floor of the mouth, amylase thicker
- sublingual: beneath mucus membrane below tounge, amylase thickest
- parotid: either side of mouth in front of the ears, amylase thinnest
functions of kidneys
- regulate blood volume
- regulate blood composition
- regulate BP
- regulate glucose
- regulate PH
- produce hormones
- excrete waste
- filter waste
waste products filtered by kidneys
urea ammonia creatinine uric acid urobilin
regulate glomerular flow
- adjust blood flow in and out of glomerulus
- altering capillary surface area
- dilate/ constrict afferent/ efferent arterioles
Glomerular filtrarion rate
- renal autoreglation
- neural regulation
- hormone regulation
layers of GI tract
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
layers of the GI tract
-mucosa: forms villi increase surface area aid in absorption, digestion and protection -submucosa: consists of connective tissue highly vascular, part of ANS regulates movment of muscosa -muscularis: skeletal and smooth muscle, swallowing, peristalsis -serosa: connective tissue, part of viseral peritoneum
tubular secretion
- control PH, eliminate waste (uric acid, urea, ammonia)
- transfer from blood into tubular fluid
3 steps in urine production
- glomerular filtrarion
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
ADH
ADH
- released from posterior pituitary
- increases osmolarity of ECF
- target site is collecting duct and principal cells
- increases waster reabsorption
Aldostrone
Aldosterone
- released from adrenal cortex
- increased angiotensin 2, and potassium
- target site collecting duct
- increased K+, increased reabsorption of water and Na+
- increased BP and volume
4 functions of electrolytes
pH (acid/base balance)
Osmolarity (water balance)
AP conduction (nerve function)
Cofactor for optimal enzyme production
Cells of the stomach and functions
Mucous – secrete mucous
Parietal – HCl- and intrinsic factor
Chief cell – secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase
G-cell – secrete gastrin
Layers of the GI tract and what they are made up of
-Mucosa simple stratified, mucus and hormone secreting -Muscularis mucosa – folds to increase surface area for digestion/absorption -Submucosa – connective tissue -Serosa – visceral peritoneum
Salivary Glands function and location
Parotid – salivary amylase
Submandibular – salivary amylase, mucous
Sublingual – salivary amylase, mucous, lipid lipase
3 functions of a nephron (Filtration, reabsorption, secretion)
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Steps in urine production
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood on arterial walls) – promotes filtration (55mmHg)
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (pressure of capsule acting on arteriole) – opposes filtration (15mmHg) and
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (pressure of proteins in blood) – opposes filtration (30mmHg)
Net filtration = GBHP-CHP-BCOP
= 55 – 15 – 30
= 10mmHg
ADH
Reuptake of water in the collecting duct
Increases water reabsorption by increasing water permeability
Aldosterone
Reuptake of sodium ad water
Potassium secretion
Define and give examples of tubular secretion
Substances not needed by the body are removed from the blood and discharged into urine by active transport K+ H+ PHO4- Urea Creatinine drugs
2 things that effect GFR
Blood volume
Capillary surface area
