300 Flashcards
hypothalmas
-is not a glad, but is one of the primary control centers of the brain and the main link between the endocrine and nervous system
pituitary glad
- the “master glad”
- controls/regulates the other glands
-split into the anterior and posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
- Adrenocortioctropic hormone, stimulates the release of steroidal hormones by the adrenal cortex
- Follicle-stimulating hormone, development of ovum and sperm
- Growth hormone, stimulates cell growth
- Luteinizing hormone, stimulates release of of hormones from ovaries or testes
- Prolactin, stimulates milk production
- Thyroid stimulating hormone, stimulates thyroid
Posterior pituitary
- Antidiuretic hormone, stimulates increased reabsorption of water by the kidney
- Oxytocin, stimulates uterine contractions and milk release
Thyroid Gland
-secretes thyroxine when the base metabolic rate decreases
- secrets calcitonin, into the blood stream when calcium levels are high.
- helps bones absorb calcium and the kidneys to remove excess
Para Thyroid Gland
-Parathyroid hormone (PTH), acts as a calcitonin antagonist preventing the kidneys from excriting calcium when the bodies calcium levels are low
Adrenal Glands
- outer the adrenal cortex
- inner adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
- Cortisol, stimulates release of amino acids, lipids and glucose
- Aldosterone, increase in renal absorption of sodium and water (net increase in blood volume)
- Estrogen, development of secondary sexual traits
- Progresterone, uterine changes
- testosterone, secondary sex traits
adrenal medulla
- Epinephrine, stimulates cardiac activity, vasoconstriction, glycogenolysis (increased BGL)
- Norepinephrine, vasoconstriction
Pancreas
-digestive gland made up of head, body and tail
- both endocrine and exocrine
- exocrine side secretes digestive enzyme into duodenum
- endocrine side islets of langerhans
islets of langerhan (act like an organ within an organ)
- main hormones
- glucagon from Alpha cells
- insulin from the Beta cells
Gonads
- estrogen, sex traits
- progesterone, uterine changes
- testosterone, sex traits
immune system
- the bodys response to infection
- detects antigens (proteins on viruses or bacteria)
- responds to kill invading agent
- leukocytes; White blood cells are the primary response
cell mediated immunity
- derived from leukocytes called T-lymphocytes
- T-cells originate from thymus
- fight infections, t-cells move to infection site and attack the infection
Hv moral immunity
- from B lymphocytes, form antibodies
- the antibodies attach to invading antigens and are then removed by scavenger cells
5 classes of antibodies
- IgM; instant response
- IgG; memory and recognizes repeat invasions
- IgA; in mucus membranes
- IgE; contributes to allergic reaction
- IgD; lowest concentration
lymphatic system
- acts as a separate circulatory system transporting materials between tissue and blood
- filters out waste (dead cells)
- is filtered through nodes where antibodies are produced
- spleen is a key organ
Diabetes Insipidus
- primary problem is pituitay glad lacking ADH
- S&S
- increased urination
- increased thirst
- increased serum sodium
- increased dehydration
Diabetes Mellitus
- problem is with the pancreas in the islet of langerhans, not able to produce insulin or not enough insulin
- weight loss and fatigue
- increased BGL
Diabetes Type 1
- usually younger
- quick onset
- insulin deficiency
- rare
- requires insulin
Type 2
- usually older
- often over weight or poor life style
- insulin resistance
- more common
- improving diet and life style can treat or cure it
- often of oral meds, occasionally require insulin as well
Type 1
- unable to use glucose due to decreased insulin
- glycogen and protein breakdown causing keytones, leading to ketoacidosis
- decreased insulin production results in increased BGL (glucose level) but the body is unable to use the glucose
Type 2
-produces enough insulin but the body is unable to use it due to insulin resistance
stress response
3 stages
- fight or flight
- resistance
- exhaustion
