Paper3 Issues And Debates

Question 1

Ethnocentrism

Answer 1

RELEVANT STUDY: AINSWORTH SS
Researchers think their own culture is superior

Question 2

Imposed etic

Answer 2

Researchers cultural norms are assumed to be applicable to all cultures
Looks at universality

Question 3

Imposed emic

Answer 3

Culturally specific ideas wrongly imposed on another culture

Question 4

Universality

Answer 4

Behaviour applied to all regardless differences of gender, culture etc

Question 5

Cultural relativism

Answer 5

Behaviour cannot be judged properly unless views in context of where it originates from

Question 6

Cultural bias

Answer 6

Judgment of people in terms of someone’s cultural beliefs

Question 7

Nature vs nurture

Answer 7

RELEVANT STUDY: BOWLBY’S MONOTROPIC THEORY (nat) SLT (nurt)
Biological debate if behaviour is influenced biologically or environmentally

Question 8

Nativism

Answer 8

Mind possessing innate ideas at birth
Unaware of dna concept (nat)

Question 9

Empiricism

Answer 9

Knowledge comes from experience
Tabula rasa (blank slate)
(Nurt)

Question 10

Interactionism

Answer 10

Genes interact with environment
(Epigenic modification)

Question 11

Epigenetic modification

Answer 11

Genes interact with the environment

Question 12

Diathesis stress

Answer 12

Mental health condition genetically inherited but environmentally triggered to develop

Question 13

Determinism

Answer 13

Behaviour set by forces outside of our control

Question 14

Hard determinism

Answer 14

Forces outside of our control decide our behaviour
No room for free will

Question 15

Environmental determinism

Answer 15

Experience in the world shapes our behaviour based on reinforcement or culture

Question 16

Soft determinism

Answer 16

Internal or external forces decide our behaviour but to an extent
Free will exists

Question 17

Biological determinism

Answer 17

Behaviour is set by our genetics

Question 18

Psychic determinism

Answer 18

Innate desires shaped by childhood experiences form unconscious forces that determine behaviour

Question 19

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 19

Bandura- our actions shape our environment and vice versa

Question 20

Holism

Answer 20

RELEVANT STUDY: HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Behaviour comes from multiple factors

Question 21

Parsimony

Answer 21

Simplest explanation is the best one

Question 22

Reductionism

Answer 22

RELEVANT STUDY: SKINNER, ASCH, MILGRAM
Breaking down complex phenomenon into simpler components

Question 23

Biological reductionism

Answer 23

Complex human behaviour due to simple biology

Question 24

Environmental reductionism

Answer 24

Stimulus response behaviour

Question 25

Machine reductionism

Answer 25

Brain functions like a computer ignoring emotions

Question 26

Experimental reductionism

Answer 26

Complex behaviour is reduced to an isolated variable for the purpose of testing

Question 27

Nomothetic

Answer 27

General laws apply to all

Question 28

Idiographic

Answer 28

Each individual is unique

Question 29

Alpha bias

Answer 29

Differences exaggerated between sexes

Question 30

Beta bias

Answer 30

RELEVANT STUDY: ASCH, MILGRAM
Differences minimised between sexes

Question 31

Androcentrism

Answer 31

Research not representative of females

Question 32

Gynocentrism

Answer 32

Women dominant focused theory

Question 33

Gender bias

Answer 33

RELEVANT STUDY: CORNWELL
Research that doesn’t represent both men and women
Different treatment based on stereotypes