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biology > paper2 dont know > Flashcards

paper2 dont know Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cloning

A

-nucleus removed from egg
- nucleus from body cell inserted into egg cell
- egg cell given an electric shock to make it divide
- embryo is genetically identical to the body cell taken from the organism they wanted to clone

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2
Q

why can bone marrow cells produce red and white blood cells

A

stem cells - undifferentiated
have genes to develop different cells

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3
Q

why draining swamps reduces malaria

A

mosquitos breed in swamps

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4
Q

genetic modification of children - ethical issues

A
  • might not work for humans
  • germline treatments so affects all descendants
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5
Q

why a twin is perfect for transplant

A
  • same genes wont be rejected
  • same age / size
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6
Q

why selective breeding health problems will be avoided in future generations

A
  • select animals with less problems to breed
  • better healthcare
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7
Q

how to genetically engineer pigs to produce organisms not rejected by humans

A
  • identify gene for human tissue
  • isolate the gene
  • insert into a pig embryo
  • replicate cell
  • check they have the gene (antibiotic)
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8
Q

lactase

A

produces milk for people with dairy intolerance

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9
Q

why is cloning animals more difficult than cloning plants

A
  • animal cells cant differentiate - lose ability early
  • plants retain the ability throughout their life
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10
Q

inverse light rule

A

1/d^2

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11
Q

need for a DNA database

A
  • for biometrics to unlock a phone or computer to identify someone
  • identify genetic disorders
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12
Q

water bath advantages

A
  • comtrol temp
  • less fire risk
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13
Q

explain why the amount of O2 given off is not a measure of the rate of photosynthesis

A

respiration occurs using up some O2

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14
Q

how number of air bubbles changes as distance between lamo and beaker increases

A
  • as distance increase light intensity decreases
  • light intensity decreases there is less energy for photosynthesis
  • light will not fall to zero
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15
Q

which part of brain automatically controls heart/breathing rate

A

medulla

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16
Q

counter current heat exchange system

A
  • warms cold blood entering body
  • cools blood entering foot
  • reduces heat loss from the foot
  • vessels close together
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17
Q

hwo water content of soil is affected by size of soil particles

A
  • bigger particles have more air space
  • more space for water
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18
Q

why ozone is lost from atmosphere

A

CFCs
aerosols

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19
Q

which continent is most affected by ozone loss

A

south africa - lost the most now exposed to UV

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20
Q

biofuels can be used without causing a net increase in greenhouse gases - how?

A

CO2 taken in in photosynthesis and released when biofuel is burnt

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21
Q

why keep methane below 10%

A

so it doesnt explode

22
Q

why illegal drugs are in different classes

A
  • show their danger
  • different punishments for owning/selling
23
Q

saturated fats

A

cause cholesteral build up narrowing arteries and reducing blood flow

24
Q

asthma attack

A
  • lining of airways inflamed
  • fluid builds up
  • muscles around broncioles contract
  • airways narrow
25
Q

why sterelise equiptment

A
  • so no HARMFUL bacteria is transfered into food
26
Q

how is malaria spread

A
  • mosquitoes suck infected blood
  • pass plasmodium into new human
27
Q

virus structure

A
  • protein outer layer
  • contains genetic material
28
Q

first class proteins

A

contin essential amino acids

29
Q

why high blood pressure and cholesteral build up is dangerous

A
  • saturated fats - build up cholesteral - caues plaque deposits - narrows arteries
  • increasing heart attack risk
  • hugh pressure - bursts vessles - can cause brain damage /strokes
30
Q

hwo does smoking affect bronci lining

A
  • causes cancer in cells
  • damages cilia so they cant remove mucus
31
Q

begin

A

harmless cancer

32
Q

maligant

A

harmful and causes tumours

33
Q

commensalism bacteria

A

not harmful on the skin surface - outcompete pathogenic bacteria

34
Q

antibiotic

A

chemcial made by microbes that kills bacteria

35
Q

what about the lichen could children measure to asses pollution

A
  • identify types of lichen - find out their sensitivity to pollution
36
Q

biomass transfer efficiency

A

amount transfered /amount available x100
or biomass in a higher level/ biomass in lower x100

37
Q

order of levles in an ecosystem

A

individual, population, community, ecosystem

38
Q

how antibodies destroy proteins

A

complementary so bind to it and it can then be engulfed by phagocytes

39
Q

why female flies suck animal blood

A

it contains protein they need to make eggs

40
Q

how to treat breast cancer

A
  • remove ovaries
  • stop cell division eg chemo
41
Q

hwo to use a biological key

A

to identify species of plant

42
Q

process that show decrease in biomass

A

egestion respiration and excretion

43
Q

why dont destroy marshes

A
  • rare habitat
  • plants in them will go extinct
44
Q

what factor effects germination

A

temp

45
Q

why bigger pieces = faster decomposition

A
  • larger SA
  • more room for decomposition/feeding of micro-organisms
46
Q

similarity between selective breeding and natural selection

A

only some organisms reproduce

47
Q

why seal with small strips of tape when growing bacteria

A

reduce the chance of anaerobic bacteria growing

48
Q

how to plants absorb nitrogen

A

nitrate ions

49
Q

phylogenetics

A

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

50
Q

3 domains

A

archea
bacteria
eukarya

51
Q

which scienist developed the 3 domains

A

carl woese

52
Q

recombinant plasmid

A

a plasmid into which a foreign DNA fragment or gene has been inserted

biology (20 decks)

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