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biology > gas exchange + circulatory systems > Flashcards

gas exchange + circulatory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

why do large organisms need transport systems

A
  • low SA:V
  • long diffusion distance
  • more active than single celled organisms need more oxygen and more glucose
    so can’t rely on diffusion alone
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2
Q

breathing mechanism

A
  • allows movement of air (with O2) to enter longs
  • air low in O2 and high in CO2 to leave lungs
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3
Q

inhaling

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • ribs move up/out
  • intercostal muscles contract
    increases volume of chest cavity
    pressure decreases
    so air rushes in due to concentration gradient
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4
Q

exhaling

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • ribs move down/in
  • intercostal muscles relax
    volume decreases
    pressure increases
    air rushes out
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5
Q

alveoli adaptation

A
  • large number - large surface area
  • walls one cell thick - shirt diffusion distance
  • surrounded by capillaries - maintain high concentration gradient
  • moist - dissolve gases - efficient diffusion
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6
Q

open circulatory system

A

insects
blood not in vessels
one main blood vessel
blood leaves main vessel and enters chest cavity

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7
Q

closed circulatory system

A

fish/ mammals
blood in vessels
2 diff types - single/double

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8
Q

single circulatory system

A

fish
blood flows through heart once each circuit of the body

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9
Q

double circulatory system

A

humans
blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit of the body
2 circuits - pulmonary (lungs) - systemic (body)

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10
Q

+ of double circulation

A
  • simultaneous high pressure delivery of oxygenated blood to all regions of the body
  • oxygenated blood reaches respiring cells undiluted by deoxygenated blood
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11
Q

artery

A
  • away from heart
  • high pressure/pulse
  • thick walls - not permeable
  • small lumen
  • no valves
  • oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
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12
Q

vein

A
  • to heart
  • low pressure/no pulse - smooth flow
  • thin walls - not permeable
  • large lumen
  • has valves
  • deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary)
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13
Q

capillary

A
  • from arteries to veins
  • pressure falls
  • one cell thick walls - permeable
  • lumen one cell wide
  • no valves
    blood loses O2
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14
Q

thick artery walls

A

WITHSTAND high pressure

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15
Q

large vein lumen

A

reduces friction (low flow resistance)

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16
Q

valves in veins

A

prevent BACKFLOW of blood

17
Q

capillary network

A

large exchange surface

18
Q

thin capillary walls

A

short diffusion distance for substances

19
Q

heart made of

A

cardiac muscle

20
Q

heart has own blood supply

A

made of muscle
in order to contract need oxygen supply
provided by coronary arteries

21
Q

purpose if septum

A

to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
left - oxygenated - thick wall (pressure)
right - deoxygenated

22
Q

left ventricle wall is

A

thicker to generate high pressure
ensures delivery to whole body

23
Q

diastole

A

heart relaxed
- SL valves closed - AV valves open
blood forced into ventricles

24
Q

atrial systole

A

both atria contract
- SL valves closes - AV valves open
blood forced into ventricles

25
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract (from apex upwards)
- AV valves closed - to prevent blood flow into atria
- SL valves open
blood forced into pulmonary artery or aorta

26
Q

blood pressure

A

generated by thick left wall
changes around body
higher in arteries (thick walls withstand)
low in capillaries (blood slowed - allows efficient exchange)
low in veins - maintains flow of blood (large lumen reduces friction)

27
Q

plasma

A

55% of blood
made up of 90% water 10% solutes
(hormones, antibodies, glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins)
waste products - CO2 / urea

28
Q

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

contain hemoglobine to carry O2 around body

29
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

important in immune system

30
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments play important part in forming blood clots

31
Q

red blood cell adaptation

A
  • tiny - pass through capillaries
  • biconcave shape - increases SA:V
  • no nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
  • contain haemoglobin- binds to oxygen
32
Q

haemoglobin

A

binds with oxygen at high concentration to form oxyhemoglobin (lungs)
REVERSIBLE
at low oxygen concentration the oxyhemoglobin dissociates from haemoglobin

33
Q

heart

A

aorta > BODY > vena cava > right atrium > AV valve > right ventricle > SL valve > pulmonary artery > LUNGS > pulmonary veins > left atrium > AV valve > left ventricle > SL valve > aorta

34
Q

lungs

A

trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveolus

35
Q

pleural membrane

A

encloses lungs within rib cage
- allows lungs to move

36
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscle between the ribs
- move the ribs and allow change in volume in chest

37
Q

diaphragm

A

sheet of muscle below lungs
- works with intercostal muscles to change the volume to allow ventilation to happen

biology (20 decks)

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