b5 - speciation/ classification Flashcards

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1
Q

species

A

a group of organisms which can interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring

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2
Q

a population can evolve into new species - this requires

A

ISOLATION
- geographical isolation
- reproductive isolation

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3
Q

how speciation occurs

A
  • come from common ancestors
  • a geographical barrier may form eg river
  • species become geographically separate
  • competition for resources drives adaptations
  • the adaptions make organisms different so cant reproduce
  • became so different females dont physically recognise males
  • have been apart so long that mating rituals have changed
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4
Q

why is it important to have a clear definition of species

A

some species are dying out - we need to know what a species is to monitor individuals of a species + protect the species

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5
Q

peppered moth - evidence of evolution

A
  • were more white moths due to camouflaged in sky
  • was a mutant of black moths
  • industrial revolution covered trees in soot
  • more black moths as they were camouflaged
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6
Q

who came up with peppered moth theory + who proved it

A

James W Tutt
Bernard Kettlewell

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7
Q

what are fossils

A

fossils are remains of the existence of dead organisms
- sometimes traces of organisms are left (TRACE fossils)
- plants / insects sometimes trapped in amber
- trunks of trees found after being buried in mud containing volcanic ash

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8
Q

how are fossils formed

A
  • organism dies in water
  • covered in sediment
  • soft parts decay
  • pressure from above turns sediment to rock
  • minerals replace body tissues to form rock - hard parts more likely to fossilise
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9
Q

why is oxygen not included in the fossilisation process

A

don’t want decomposers to cause decay
decomposers need O2 for respiration

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10
Q

fossils - evidence for evolution

A
  • shows organisms that lived in the past differ from those today (have evolved)
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11
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete

A
  • not all organisms fossilise
  • are deep underground (uncovered by erosion or plate shift)
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12
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill bacteria
discovered 1928 - Alexander Flemming

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13
Q

antibiotic resistance

A
  • there is variation
  • mutation occurs
  • few bacteria develops genes which make them resistant to antibiotics
  • bacteria are exposed to antibiotic - most die
  • more resources for resistant bacteria to multiply
  • if the course of antibiotics completes all bacteria is killed
  • if course incomplete the resistant bacteria thrive
  • antibiotic is no longer effective
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14
Q

MRSA superbugs

A

a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics

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15
Q

resistant rats

A
  • there is variation
  • a mutation causes resistance
  • non resistant rats die and resistant survive/ reproduce
  • pass on resistant gene
  • over generations resistance gene increases
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16
Q

alfred russel wallace

A

independently developed the theory of natural selection

17
Q

warning colouration and mimicry - evidence for natural selection

A
  • random mutation of colouring
  • those without colouring are eaten so die
  • those with colouring survive and reproduce
  • pass the colouring allele onto offspring
  • over generations freq of colouring allele increases
18
Q

artificial classification

A

observable characteristics to group organisms according to similarities and differences

19
Q

natural classification

A

classify organisms according to their evolutionary history and true relationships

20
Q

carl line as

A

devised natural classification

21
Q

taxonomic system

A

hierarchy of levels - contains 5 kingdoms

22
Q

5 kingdoms

A

animals
plants
fungi
protocitista
prokaryotes

23
Q

kingdoms divided further into

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

24
Q

binomial naming

A

Genus species
eg Homo sapiens
genus has capital - typed in italics - underline if handwritten

25
Q

evolutionary trees

A

represent natural classification and evolution from a common ancestor

26
Q

evidence for natural classification

A

DNA sequencing
protein analysis

27
Q

new top level

A

domain - 3 domains
(due to advancement of molecular analysis)

28
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar features in different species