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biology > coordination and control - nervous system - eye - brain- hormones (human+plant) > Flashcards

coordination and control - nervous system - eye - brain- hormones (human+plant) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nervous system function

A

allows communication

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2
Q

CNS - central nervous system

A
  • brain + spinal chord

- revives /processes info - gives out instructions

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3
Q

PNS - peripheral nervous system

A
  • neurones, receptor cells, effectors

- collects info then sends to CNS - acts on instructions from CNS

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4
Q

neurones

A
  • special nervous cells
  • motor - sensory - relay
  • carry electrical impulses round the body
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5
Q

adaptions of neurones

A
  • long
  • myelin sheath - insulates impulses
  • numerous dendrites - connections to many neurones
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6
Q

sequence of events

A
  • stimulus - receptor - coordinator - effector - response
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7
Q

sequence of neurones

A

receptor - sensory - relay - motor - effector

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8
Q

sensory neurones

A

receptor - sensory - relay (CNS)

dendrites - cell body in middle - receptors

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9
Q

relay neurone

A

sensory - relay - motor

round with dendrites

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10
Q

motor neurone

A

relay (CNS) - motor - muscles / glands

cell body - long bit - dendrites

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11
Q

flow of impulse

A

to dendrites

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12
Q

synapse

A

GAP BETWEEN NEURONES
- end of cell (electrical- chemical message)
- chemical transmitter molecules carry across synapse
- binds to receptor - open channels
- initiates new nerve impulse
(transmitter taken back to presynaptic neurone)

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13
Q

reflex arc

A

subconscious response to dangerous stimuli extremely quick (not involve brain)
survival instinct

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14
Q

sight

A

eye

light

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15
Q

hearing

A

ear

sound

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16
Q

smell

A

nose

chemicals in the air

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17
Q

taste

A

tongues

chemical la in air reacting with tastebuds

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18
Q

touch

A

skin

pressure pain temperature

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19
Q

reflex arc sequence of events

A

stimuli- receptor - sensory - relay (spinal cord) - motor - effector - response

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20
Q

voluntary actions

A
  • decide to carry out
  • have to think
  • slower and purposeful
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21
Q

iris

A

coloured ring of muscle

- alters pupil size by contracting and reacting

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22
Q

cornea

A

transparent coating in front of eye

- protects eye refracts light into eye

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23
Q

lens

A

transparent biconvex lens

- focuses light clearly into the retina

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24
Q

ciliary body

A

ring of muscle tissues

- alters shape of lens

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25
Q

suspending ligaments

A 
ligament tissues (by ciliary body)
- connects ciliary muscle to lens
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26
Q

optic nerve

A

nervous tissue

- carries nerve impulses to brain

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27
Q

retina

A

made of light sensitive cells - back of the eye

- cells produce nervous impulse that travels down the optic nerve

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28
Q

pupil

A

hole in iris

- allows light to enter eye

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29
Q

what makes up the retin

A

photoreceptor cells

  • rods
  • cones
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30
Q

rods

A

respond to light

- allows us to see in low light levels

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31
Q

cones

A

respond to colours

- different cone cells respond to red, blue and green light

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32
Q

how do we see in dim light

A

outer RADIAL muscles contract (muscles pull)

- pupil larger

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33
Q

how to see in bright light

A

inner CIRCULAR muscles contract (muscles bigger)

- pupil smaller

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34
Q

focusing image on the retina

A
  • cornea reflects light
  • lens produces further refraction
  • an image is in focus on retina
  • optic nerve carries nerve impulses to brain
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35
Q

seeing distant objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments pull taut
  • lens pulled thin
  • light doesn’t bend as much
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36
Q

seeing near objects

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • suspensory ligament slack
  • allowing lens to become fat
  • bend lights more
37
Q

accommodation

A

ability of lens to change shape and allow the eye to focus on objects at diff distances

38
Q

short sighted - myopia cause

A

eyeball is too long or cornea is too sharply curved

  • light rays meet in front of retina
  • image is blurred
39
Q

long sightedness - hyperopia cause

A

eyeball too short or cornea not curved enough or lens is too weak (not thick)

  • light rays meet past retina
  • image is blurred
40
Q

myopia correction

A

diverging lens

- light refracted outwards before it hits the lens (diverged) making light rays meet on retina

41
Q

hyperopia correction

A

converging lens

- refracts light more (converged) to make the light rays meet on retina

42
Q

myopia

A

short sighted

can only see near objects clear

43
Q

hyperopia

A

long sighted

can only see far objects

44
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • stores + releases hormones that regulate bodily functions

little ball

45
Q

medulla

A
  • controls automatic actions
    (heart/breathing rate)
    (bottom stem)
46
Q

cerebellum

A
  • controls involuntary movement posture/balance

big ball at back

47
Q

cerebrum

A
  • controls complex behaviour (learning memory personality)

big folded bit

48
Q

how do we know about brain

A

examine functional changes in people with brain damage
(phineas cage, mike the chicken)
imaging techniques

49
Q

difficulties of investigating brain function

A

difficult to obtain + interpret case studies

- ethical issues of investigating brains

50
Q

hard to treat brain damage

A
  • limited ability to repair nervous tissue
  • irreversible damage
  • difficult to access parts
51
Q

endocrine system

A
  • co ordinates organs (work together)
  • produces chemical messengers
  • produced in small quantities+ transported in blood
  • slower
  • acts for longer + targets larger area
52
Q

thyroid gland (hormones)

A 
THYROXINE
- regulates metabolic rate
(speed to transfer energy from chemical)
- controlled by hypothalamus + pituitary gland (negative feedback)
\+ excess - hyperactivity
- deficiency - overweight + sluggish
53
Q

ovaries (hormones)

A 
OESTROGEN
- development of female sec characteristics 
- regulates menstrual cycle
PROGESTERONE
- maintains uterine wall
54
Q

testes (hormones)

A

TESTOSTERONE

- promotes development of male sex characteristics

55
Q

pancreas (hormones)

A 
INSULIN
- converts blood glucose > glycogen
- increases metabolic rate (stimulates glucose uptake)
GLUCAGON
-converts glycogen > glucose
56
Q

pituitary gland (hormones)

A 
STH
- bone + muscle growth
ADH 
- reabsorption of water into blood by kidneys
TSH
- controls function of thyroid
FSH
- follicle to develop
LH 
- causes ovulation
57
Q

negative feedback loop

A 
change from optimum 
receptor detects change
processing centre receives/processes info
effector brings about change 
back to optimum
58
Q

adrenal gland’s (hormones)

A 
ADRENALINE
fight/flight
- increase heart/ breathing rate
- blood diverted to muscles
- increases respiration
59
Q

thyroxine too high

negative feedback

A
  • detected by hypothalamus - inhibits release of TRH
  • pituitary stops releasing TSH
  • thyroid STOPS producing thyroxine
  • return to ideal
60
Q

thyroxine too low

negative feedback

A
  • detected by hypothalamus - releases TRH
  • pituitary releases TSH
  • thyroid produces thyroxine
  • return to ideal
61
Q

adrenaline

A
  • causes fight/flight
  • increases heart/breathing rate
  • blood diverted to muscles
  • increases respiration
  • breakdown glycogen to glucose
62
Q

release of adrenaline

A
  • visual stimuli causes fright
  • nervous impulses sent to brain + adrenal gland
  • release adrenaline
63
Q

menstrual cycle

A

28 days
day 1-5 (period) - breakdown uterus lining
day 14 ovulation
age 50-55 - menopause (no menstrual cycle)

64
Q

menstrual cycle hormones

A
  • pituitary gland > FSH
  • FSH - maturation of eggs/ follicle
    > OESTROGEN- repairs uterus wall
  • inhibits FSH + stimulates LH - triggers ovulation
  • follicle develops into corpus luteum
    > PROGESTERONE - maintains thickness of uterus lining
  • inhibits FSH + LH
  • if egg isn’t fertilised- corpus luteum degenerates - progesteron levels fall
  • triggers menstruation
  • stops inhibition if FSH (cycle repeats)
65
Q

FSH

A

produced - pituitary gland
stimulates follicle + egg maturation
causes oestrogen secretion

66
Q

oestrogen

A

produced ovary tissue
builds up/ repairs uterus lining
stops FSH
stimulates LH

67
Q

LH

A

produced pituitary gland
causes ovulation
follicle develops into corpus luteum - secretes progesterone

68
Q

progesterone

A 
produces - corpus luteum 
maintains uterus lining thickness
inhibits FSH+ LH
if egg isn’t fertilised corpus luteum degenerates (progesterone levels fall)
triggers menstruation
FSH inhibition stops
69
Q

pill

A

inhibits FSH + LH - inhibits follicle maturation + ovulation

vagina thick with mucus - prevents sperm reaching egg

70
Q

implant

A

releases progesterone

inhibits FSH +LH

71
Q

IUD

A

releases copper - kills sperm

72
Q

condom / diaphragm

A

barrier - blocks sperm

spermicide - kills sperm

73
Q

causes of infertility

A
  • eggs not mature
  • eggs not releasing
  • blocks oviducts
  • low speed count
  • poor quality sperm
74
Q

infertility treatment

A

fertility drugs - FSH + LH
surgery (unblock oviducts)
IVF
egg/sperm donation

75
Q

IVF

A

egg fertilised in lab with parents egg/speen
- woman given FSH+ LH (stimulate egg maturation)
- egg collected
- eggs mixed with sperm
- monitored and allowed to develop
- one or two selected and placed in uterus
counselling important - must prepare for failure

76
Q

IVF disadvantages

A

multiple births may happen
success rate low
strong reaction to hormones

77
Q

IVF is more successful if woman

A 
is younger
has previously been pregnant
has BMI in range 19-30
has low alcohol / caffeine intake
doesn’t smoke
78
Q

tropism

A

growth response of a plant toward or away from stimulus

79
Q

auxin

A

found in tips of roots/shoot
no tip = no growth
covered tip grows straight

80
Q

auxin - shoots

A

accumulates on shaded side
cell elongation - cell growth
shoot bends towards lightt

81
Q

auxin - roots

A

accumulates on lower side
inhibits growth - grow slower
root bends downwards (to gravity)

82
Q

meristems

A

found in shoot tip
areas of undifferentiated cells
- divide to form new cells
- can take to grow genetically identical plants (clones)

83
Q

ethene gas

A

stimulates conversion of starch > sugar

only gaseous plant hormone

84
Q

gibberelins

A

promotes growth - cell elongation
ends dormancy period of seeds/buds
(shoots/flowers open)

85
Q

auxin uses

A
  • selective weed killer - grow so fast they die (broad leaf)
  • rooting powder - promotes new root growth
  • prevents ripe fruit dropping- high dose drops all at once
  • seedless fruit - applied to unpollinated flowers
86
Q

gibberelins uses

A

speed up germination (farmers)

87
Q

ethene uses

A

makes fruit ripen fast in time for sale

88
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • regulates internal conditions (temp, water balance)
  • produces major hormones
    (above pituitary gland)
89
Q

negative feedback

A

respond to change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract change
maintains steady state

biology (20 decks)

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