kidneys /blood glucose

Question 1

label kidney

Answer 1

capsule
cortex
medulla
renal vein/artery
renal pelvis
ureter

Question 2

nephron

Answer 2

filtering unit of a kidney (tubule)

Question 3

kidney structure

Answer 3

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

bowman’s capsule
PCT
loop of henle
DCT
collecting duct
ureter

Question 4

why is water balance important

Answer 4

to stay alive for good health

Question 5

how does water loss affect cells

Answer 5

decreased water potential in blood
water moves from cells to blood by osmosis
cells shrivel + become crenated

Question 6

bowmans capsule / glomerulus

Answer 6

enters at high pressure
forces small molecules out into bowman’s capsule
ULTRAFILTRATION

Question 7

what’s filtered out of blood

Answer 7

urea
salt
amino acid
water
glucose
(small molecules - semi permeable wall)

Question 8

what stays in blood

Answer 8

red blood cells

proteins

Question 9

PCT

Answer 9

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION
useful substances are re absorbed
(glucose amino acids)

Question 10

loop of henle / DCT / collecting duct

Answer 10

involved in salt regulation and water levels

salt and water re absorbed in correct amounts

Question 11

urine

Answer 11

contains:
- urea
- xs salt
- xs water
carried down to bladder

Question 12

water potential monitored by

Answer 12

osmoreceptor cells in hypothalamus

Question 13

what happens when brains dehydrated

Answer 13

• low water potential
• osmoreceptors shrink (hypothalamus)
• send impulse to pituitary gland
• pituitary gland secretes ADH (reduces water loss)
• collecting ducts become more permeable
• more water reabsorbed into blood
• less volume of more concentrated urine

Question 14

glucose levels rise (eat)

Answer 14

• detected by pancreas
• insulin released
• acts on liver (glucose > glycogen) + muscles (respire)
• blood glucose levels fall

Question 15

blood glucose levels fall

Answer 15

• detected by pancreas
• glucagon released
• acts on liver (glycogen> glucose)
• glucose released into bloodstream
• blood glucose levels ruse

Question 16

why is high blood glucose bad

Answer 16

• lots of glucose = low water potential in cells
• water moves into cell (osmosis)
• causes cell lysis

Question 17

type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

immune system destroys insulin producing cells

- take insulin / adjust diet

Question 18

type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

cells in liver become resistant to insulin (too much sugar eaten)
pancreas can produce enough insulin
- limit sugar intake
- exercise
- change in lifestyle

Question 19

why is insulin injected

Answer 19

is a protein

if it’s swallowed it would be broken down by enzymes in digestion and never get to blood stream