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psychology > paper 3 > Flashcards

paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
C

A

Consent
-Researchers must gain informed consent.
-Participants must be told purpose and procedures used.
-They must know any potential risks/discomfort the study may cause.

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2
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
A

A

Anonymity
-Data collected must not contain names.
-It should not be able to be traced back to an individual.

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3
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
R

A

Right to Withdraw
-Participants may leave a study at any time if they feel uncomfortable.
-They should be told this at the start of the study.
-There should be no pressure to stay.

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4
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
D

A

Deception
-Deception by COMMISSION: deliberately misleading participants.
-Deception by OMISSION: participants not mislead but not given all the info.
-Should be avoided unless there is no alternative.

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5
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
U

A

Undue Stress or Harm
-Participants must be protected from physical or mental harm.
-Level of stress/risk must be no greater than in daily life.

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6
Q

CARDUD (q.2)
D

A

Debrief
-Findings and results should be discussed with participants.
-Must be told if they have been deceived and why.
-Helps participant leave study in a similar frame of mind to when they started.

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7
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Self -Selected/Volunteer

A

-People who sign up are usually motivated/less likely to drop out.
-May lead to unrepresentative sample of target.

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8
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Opportunity/Convenience

A

-Participants = readily available.
-Groupings relatively homogeneous.
(homogeneous = similar)
-Not representative of target population.

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9
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Random

A

-Everyone in target population has the same chance of being selected.
-May be biased if sample = heterogeneous.
(heterogeneous = not alike)

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10
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Purposive

A

-Very specific traits needed.
-Often followed by self-selected sampling.

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11
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Snowball/Network

A

-Used when a specific group won’t reply to ads.
-Finding one participant who gets friends in the same group to join.

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12
Q

SAMPLING METHODS (q.1)
Stratified

A

-Samples that reflect subgroups within a target population.
-Must be careful how groups within community are labelled.

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13
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
True (Lab) Experiment

A

-IV = manipulated.
-DV = measured.
-Causality can be determined.
-Participants randomly allocated to conditions.

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14
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Focus Group

A

-Group interview of 8-12 participants.
-Researcher acts as a facilitator - keeping group focused.

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15
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Case Study

A

-Based on method triangulation with the goal of increasing credibility.
-Studies groups/individuals based on specific traits/behaviours.

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16
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Naturalistic Observation

A

-No manipulation to any variables.
-Uses overt participants (aware of observation)
-Uses covert participants (unaware of observation)

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17
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Semi-Structured Interview

A

-Researcher may deviate from pre-determined questions.
-Face to face interviews may lead to interviewer effects/social desirability bias.

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18
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Natural Experiments

A

-IV is not manipulated by researcher.
-Causality can’t be determined.
-Not possible to control for extraneous variables.

19
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Correlational Study

A

-No manipulated variable.
-No casual relationship.
-Often uses pre-established data sets.

20
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Questionnaires

A

-Not face to face.
-Interviewer effects avoided.
-Allows participants to remain anonymous.

21
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Quasi-Experiment

A

-Impossible to randomly allocate participants.
-Attempt to control extraneous variables.
-Increased internal validity.

22
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Unstructured Interview

A

-Interviewer doesn’t have a set of questions.
-Uses themes/topics to avoid leading questions.
-More training/experience needed to collect data.

23
Q

RESEARCH METHODS (q.1)
Field Experiment

A

-Don’t take place under controlled environments.
-Takes place in real world settings.
-Participants often unaware of observation.
-More natural behaviours.

24
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Quantitative
-Statistical Generalisation

A

(Population Validity)
-Inferring results from a sample and applying to a population.
-Sample must be representative of population.
-Characteristics and units of population must be represented appropriately.

25
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Quantitative
-Ecological Validity

A

-The extent to which findings of a controlled research study can be generalised to real life.
-If task lacks mundane realism participants may not take it seriously.
-Behaviours wouldn’t match up.

26
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Quantitative
-Construct Validity

A

-The degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring.
-If not then findings can’t be generalised beyond the study.

27
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Qualitative
-Representational Transferability (people)

A

-Findings from qualitative research studies can be applied to populations outside the target pop.
-Usually involving small sample sizes (not selected to be statistically representative)
-Non-standardised interview methods may be used.
-Makes it difficult to transfer findings
-Requires other studies to back up findings.

28
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Qualitative
-Inferential Transferability (Place)

A

-Follows on from a research study being high in ecological validity.
-May occur if the setting of the study is similar to other settings & researcher has provided enough in depth information on research setting.

29
Q

GENERALISATION (q.3)
Qualitative
-Theoretical Transferability

A

-Theoretical concepts taken from the study can be used to develop further theory.
-Findings may contribute to wider psychological theory.
-If other studies support the theory it will be easier to construct.

30
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Method Triangulation

A

-A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods that show how findings are achieved using different methods.

31
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Researcher Triangulation

A

-Including more than one researcher/interviewer/observer or data analyst in a study.
(Particularly true if they come from different political, philosophical or theoretical backgrounds)

32
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Theoretical Triangulation

A

-Including more than one theories or hypotheses which show how the findings are achieved using different perspectives.

33
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Epistemological Reflexivity

A

(Methods)
-Reflecting on the way research was carried out and if it influenced findings.
e.g. Focus groups may lead to conformity effects/Face to face interviews may lead to a lack of disclosure.

34
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Personal Reflexivity

A

(Self)
-When a researcher reflects on their own personal values/beliefs or experiences.
-May influence their ability to be objective when carrying out research or interpreting data.

35
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Quantitative & Qualitative
-Validity

A

1) Ecological Validity
-Do these results apply beyond the setting?
2) Population Validity
-Do the results apply beyond the sample of the study?
3) External Validity
-Can the results be applied to a wider context of people/settings/behaviours?
4) Internal Validity
-Are there any other factors that could have impacted the results?

36
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Qualitative
-Include Quotes

A

-When a researcher makes a claim in their final report it is supported by excerpts from the transcription.

37
Q

CREDIBILITY
Qualitative
-Decision Trail

A

-Researcher explains the thinking behind their interpretation of data.
-Helps the reader understand where/why/how the researcher conducted the study in the way they did.

38
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Qualitative
-Member Checking

A

-Data or results are returned to participants to check for accuracy and resonance with their experiences.

39
Q

CREDIBILITY (q.3)
Qualitative
-Phenomenological Approach

A

-Meaning structures of the lived experience of research participants.

40
Q

BIAS (q.3)
-4 Types of Bias

A

1) Researcher Bias:
-When the researcher influences the study based on a personal belief.
2) Sampling Bias:
-When the sample is not representative of the target population.
3) Participant Bias:
-When the participants influence the study based on personal beliefs.
4) Social Desirability Bias:
-When participants give answers they believe to be socially desirable but are not necessarily true.

41
Q

BIAS (q.3)
How to Avoid Bias
-Peer Review

A

-The evaluation of a researchers work by others within that field.
-All published research should have been approved by a committee of peers before being undertaken.
-The final paper should have be reviewed before publication.
-Most fundamental way to avoid bias.

42
Q

BIAS (q.3)
How to Avoid Bias
-Single or Double Blind

A

-Single Blind Experiment = participants do not know if they are in experimental or control group (prevents participant biases e.g. changes in behaviour)
-Double Blind Experiment = neither participants or researchers know who is in experimental or control group.

43
Q

BIAS (q.3)
How to Avoid Bias
-Researcher Triangulation

A

-Having more than one researcher carry out interviews/observations/interpret data.
-Researchers work separately and should come back with the same results.
-If the same results come back by using the same results it is inter-rater reliability.

psychology (13 decks)

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