PAPER 2 (F&H Demography) Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Life chances

A

Chances of something positive or negative happening to you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What has happened since 1900 & why?

A

Population has increased - immigration, people live longer, etc…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of births per 1000 of the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fertility rate

A

The number of children a woman has between 15-44yrs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What has happened to births and deaths since 1900?

A

Birth rate has fallen
Death rate has fallen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Changes in women’s position

A

Women are choosing to have fewer children later in life.
Sharpe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decline in the infant mortality rate

A
  • 154/1000 children died before first birthday in 1900.
  • Now it is 4/1000
    Brass and Kabir
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Children are an economic liability

A

Until the late 19th century, children were economic assets to their parents.
Now they’re a liability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Child-centredness

A

Major focus on children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Improved nutrition - decreased death rate

A

McKeown - argues that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates, particularly TB.
Doesn’t explain why females live longer than men.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Medical improvement - decreased death rate

A

After the 1948 introduction of the NHS, mass vaccination and immunisation programmes.
Also, improved maternity services, 1 in 10,000 women in the UK die in childbirth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smoking and diet - decreased death rate

A
  • 1948 - 80% of men smoked, 40% of women
  • Now, 13% of adults smoke.
  • We are moving towards an ‘American health culture’
    (Harper)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Public health measures - decreased death rate

A

Clean air acts - laws passed to say we must have clean air.
Air pollution accounts to about 13,000 excess deaths a year.
1952, SMOG, visibility was less than half a meter, smoke and fog were getting trapped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Other reasons for decreased death rate

A
  • Decline in dangerous manual jobs.
  • Smaller families.
  • Greater public knowledge.
  • Higher income.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Life expectancy in the UK

A

Men - 79
Women - 83

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How has life expectancy changed since 1900?

A

In 1900 it was 50 for men and 57 for women. Now it is 79 for men and 83 for women.

18
Q

Class differences in life expectancy

A

Men in professional jobs live 7 years longer on average than men in unskilled manual jobs - who are 3x more likely to die before 65.

19
Q

Gender differences in life expectancy

A

Women live longer than men. On average with a 4 year difference. Men are 3x more likely to commit suicide and take more risks.

20
Q

Ethnic differences in life expectancy

A

People in poorer areas do not live as long than people in wealthier, especially the North and Scotland.

21
Q

Why is life expectancy decreasing?

A

Since 2010, we have had Austerity. Government cut public service income.

22
Q

What is the average age?

23
Q

Why do we have an ageing population?

A
  • Birth rates are decreasing
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Declining infant mortality
24
Q

Public services (ageing population)

A

We are spending more resources to old people - e.g. money to the NHS & care homes.

25
One-pensioner households (ageing population)
- 1 in 8 households are one person pensioner households. Most are female. - Sad and loneliness - Under occupying houses (many live in the house over a long time alone whereas a family may want it)
26
Dependency ratio (ageing population)
- The number of people of working age for every pensioner. - 3.2 people of WA to 1 P. - Consequences - going to affect long term care, family structure, able to afford retirement.
27
Positive effects of an ageing population:
- Less crime. Average age of crime is 15 for girls and 18 for boys. - Old people can help with childcare (beanpole families, 5million grandparents help) - Old people work and spend (the grey pound)
28
Negative effects of an ageing population:
- Younger people need to look after them (especially women) - The retirement age will need to go up and pensions reduced - Housing shortage due to old people alone in big houses
29
Ageism
Negative stereotyping & unequal treatment of people on basis of age.
30
Structured dependency
- Old people are dependent on us because of social structures. - Our roles and status are often determined by our economic contribution. - Therefore those who make no economic contribution are seen as dependent and may face resentment.
31
Inequalities amongst the old:
- Class affects old age. - Rich elderly may be retired for a very long time and poor elderly may work until they die. - Gender - women live longer, but often have lower pensions.
32
Who is most concerned with immigration?
- People with less qualifications - Poorer people - Precariat = those without security
33
Immigration on the dependency ratio - WA
Immigrants are more likely to be of working age; helps to lower the dependency ratio.
34
Immigration on the dependency ratio - mas niños
Immigrants have more children, thus increasing the dependency ratio.
35
Immigration on the dependency ratio (3)
The longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average.
36
The rise of information and communication technology (globalisation)
Time-space compression leading to people feeling cosmopolitan (okay with difference) whereas some feel threatened.
37
Economic factors (globalisation)
- Production is flexible and can be moved to different countries. - Many goods and services are weightless (Quah) and exist online.
38
Political changes (globalisation)
Communism collapsed, capitalism rules the world. There is a global economy.
39
Migration has accelerated since pre-1990
Between 2000 and 2013 global immigration has increased by 33%.
40
Migration has become more differentiated since pre-1990
Before the 1990s, immigration to the UK tended to come from former British colonies. Now there is super-diversity (Vertovec)
41
Migration has become feminised since pre-1990
In the past, most migrants were men because they were economic providers.