PAPER 2 (F&H Demography)

Question 1

Demography

Answer 1

The study of population.

Question 2

Life chances

Answer 2

Chances of something positive or negative happening to you.

Question 3

What has happened since 1900 & why?

Answer 3

Population has increased - immigration, people live longer, etc…

Question 4

Birth rate

Answer 4

The number of births per 1000 of the population.

Question 5

Fertility rate

Answer 5

The number of children a woman has between 15-44yrs.

Question 6

What has happened to births and deaths since 1900?

Answer 6

Birth rate has fallen
Death rate has fallen

Question 7

Changes in women’s position

Answer 7

Women are choosing to have fewer children later in life.
Sharpe

Question 8

Decline in the infant mortality rate

Answer 8

• 154/1000 children died before first birthday in 1900.
• Now it is 4/1000
  Brass and Kabir

Question 9

Children are an economic liability

Answer 9

Until the late 19th century, children were economic assets to their parents.
Now they’re a liability.

Question 10

Child-centredness

Answer 10

Major focus on children.

Question 11

Improved nutrition - decreased death rate

Answer 11

McKeown - argues that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates, particularly TB.
Doesn’t explain why females live longer than men.

Question 12

Medical improvement - decreased death rate

Answer 12

After the 1948 introduction of the NHS, mass vaccination and immunisation programmes.
Also, improved maternity services, 1 in 10,000 women in the UK die in childbirth.

Question 13

Smoking and diet - decreased death rate

Answer 13

• 1948 - 80% of men smoked, 40% of women
• Now, 13% of adults smoke.
• We are moving towards an ‘American health culture’
  (Harper)

Question 14

Public health measures - decreased death rate

Answer 14

Clean air acts - laws passed to say we must have clean air.
Air pollution accounts to about 13,000 excess deaths a year.
1952, SMOG, visibility was less than half a meter, smoke and fog were getting trapped.

Question 15

Other reasons for decreased death rate

Answer 15

• Decline in dangerous manual jobs.
• Smaller families.
• Greater public knowledge.
• Higher income.

Question 16

Life expectancy in the UK

Answer 16

Men - 79
Women - 83

Question 17

How has life expectancy changed since 1900?

Answer 17

In 1900 it was 50 for men and 57 for women. Now it is 79 for men and 83 for women.

Question 18

Class differences in life expectancy

Answer 18

Men in professional jobs live 7 years longer on average than men in unskilled manual jobs - who are 3x more likely to die before 65.

Question 19

Gender differences in life expectancy

Answer 19

Women live longer than men. On average with a 4 year difference. Men are 3x more likely to commit suicide and take more risks.

Question 20

Ethnic differences in life expectancy

Answer 20

People in poorer areas do not live as long than people in wealthier, especially the North and Scotland.

Question 21

Why is life expectancy decreasing?

Answer 21

Since 2010, we have had Austerity. Government cut public service income.

Question 22

What is the average age?

Answer 22

40

Question 23

Why do we have an ageing population?

Answer 23

• Birth rates are decreasing
• Increased life expectancy
• Declining infant mortality

Question 24

Public services (ageing population)

Answer 24

We are spending more resources to old people - e.g. money to the NHS & care homes.

Question 25

One-pensioner households (ageing population)

Answer 25

• 1 in 8 households are one person pensioner households. Most are female.
• Sad and loneliness
• Under occupying houses (many live in the house over a long time alone whereas a family may want it)

Question 26

Dependency ratio (ageing population)

Answer 26

• The number of people of working age for every pensioner.
• 3.2 people of WA to 1 P.
• Consequences - going to affect long term care, family structure, able to afford retirement.

Question 27

Positive effects of an ageing population:

Answer 27

• Less crime. Average age of crime is 15 for girls and 18 for boys.
• Old people can help with childcare (beanpole families, 5million grandparents help)
• Old people work and spend (the grey pound)

Question 28

Negative effects of an ageing population:

Answer 28

• Younger people need to look after them (especially women)
• The retirement age will need to go up and pensions reduced
• Housing shortage due to old people alone in big houses

Question 29

Ageism

Answer 29

Negative stereotyping & unequal treatment of people on basis of age.

Question 30

Structured dependency

Answer 30

• Old people are dependent on us because of social structures.
• Our roles and status are often determined by our economic contribution.
• Therefore those who make no economic contribution are seen as dependent and may face resentment.

Question 31

Inequalities amongst the old:

Answer 31

• Class affects old age.
• Rich elderly may be retired for a very long time and poor elderly may work until they die.
• Gender - women live longer, but often have lower pensions.

Question 32

Who is most concerned with immigration?

Answer 32

• People with less qualifications
• Poorer people
• Precariat = those without security

Question 33

Immigration on the dependency ratio - WA

Answer 33

Immigrants are more likely to be of working age; helps to lower the dependency ratio.

Question 34

Immigration on the dependency ratio - mas niños

Answer 34

Immigrants have more children, thus increasing the dependency ratio.

Question 35

Immigration on the dependency ratio (3)

Answer 35

The longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average.

Question 36

The rise of information and communication technology (globalisation)

Answer 36

Time-space compression leading to people feeling cosmopolitan (okay with difference) whereas some feel threatened.

Question 37

Economic factors (globalisation)

Answer 37

• Production is flexible and can be moved to different countries.
• Many goods and services are weightless (Quah) and exist online.

Question 38

Political changes (globalisation)

Answer 38

Communism collapsed, capitalism rules the world. There is a global economy.

Question 39

Migration has accelerated since pre-1990

Answer 39

Between 2000 and 2013 global immigration has increased by 33%.

Question 40

Migration has become more differentiated since pre-1990

Answer 40

Before the 1990s, immigration to the UK tended to come from former British colonies. Now there is super-diversity (Vertovec)

Question 41

Migration has become feminised since pre-1990

Answer 41

In the past, most migrants were men because they were economic providers.