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biology > paper 2 > Flashcards

paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define fertilisation

A

the fusion of a male and females gametes nucleus’

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2
Q

name 3 abiotic factors

A

humidty
temperature
light intensity

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3
Q

name 3 biotic factors

A

competition
diesease
predators

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4
Q

where in the body is glycogen stored?

A

liver

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5
Q

what is the function of insulin?

and how?

A

reduce blood glucose concentration

by increasing the absorption of glucose to the liver and muscles

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6
Q

how can you reduce the risk of developing diabetes?

A

regular excersise
eat a lower amount of carbohydrates

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7
Q

name 3 substances that can cause water pollution

A

toxic chemicals
sewage
fertiliser

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8
Q

define a reccessive disease

and gene

A

a disease which is only inherited if there are two copies of the allele

same but with a gene

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9
Q

what is an amino acid?

what is their function?

A

a molecule with at least 2 functional groups

they are the building blocks for protien and help bodily functions

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10
Q

where in the body are amino acids broken down?

A

liver

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11
Q

give 2 uses of water in plants

A

photosynthesis
support

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12
Q

give 2 advantages of farming animals indoors

A

less energy lost through movement
less energy lost through heat

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13
Q

give 2 disadvantges of farming animals indoors

A

disease spread faster
aggressive behaviour

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14
Q

define mutation

A

a change in a gene or chromosome

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15
Q

how does the dilation of blood vessels cool the body?

A

as there is more blood flow to the surface of the skin

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16
Q

name the route of the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

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17
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

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18
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of molecules up a concentration gradient,

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19
Q

define homeostasis

A

the regulation of conditions in the body to maintain a stable environment

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20
Q

explain what these do :
receptors
control centres
effectors

A

detect the change
interpret and decide what needs to be done
carry out the change

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21
Q

How does the nervous system deliver signals?

describe these

A

through electrical impulses via nerves

very fast and precise

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22
Q

how does the endocrine system carry out changes?

A

via hormones in the blood stream

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23
Q

how is the endocrine system different to the nervous system?

A

it is slower
it lasts longer
it is more generalised
it travels through the blood

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24
Q

name 2 types of effectors

A

glands
muscles

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25
Q

what are 2 adaptations of neurones

A

extended shape (helps travel across body)
fine branches (allows them to pass signals to other nerve cells)

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26
Q

what is a synapse

A

the gap between 2 nerve cells

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27
Q

how do signals pass across a synapse?

A

chemicals from one nerve cell diffuse across the synapse, triggering an electrical impulse in the next cell

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28
Q

name the 3 types of neurones and what they do

A

sensory- send signal from receptor to the cns
motor- sends signal of what to do to the effectors
relay- passes signal from sensory to motor neurones

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29
Q

what is a reflex?

A

an automatic response to a stimulus

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30
Q

in the brain

what does the cerebal cortex control?

A

consciousness
intelligence
memory
etc

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31
Q

in the brain

what does the cerebellum control?

A

balance
co-ordination

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32
Q

in the brain

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

regulating body temp
sending signal to the pituitary gland

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33
Q

in the brain

what does the medulla control?

A

unconscious activities

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34
Q

what does the cornea do?

how does it get oxygen

A

refracts all the light that passes through it

through diffusion as it has no blood vessels

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35
Q

what does the iris do?

A

control the size of the pupil

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36
Q

what does the lens do?

A

refracts light but can change how strongly to focus the light onto the retina

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37
Q

what are the 2 different receptor cells in the retina?

A

cone- colour of light
rod- more light sensitive (black and white)

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38
Q

what does the optic nerve do?

A

transfers impulses from receptor cells to the brain

39
Q

what is hyperopia and myopia?

A

hyperopia= long sightedness
myopia= short sightedness

40
Q

define thermoregulation

A

the control of our internal body temperature

41
Q

why is 37 the body temperature?

A

as it is the optimal temperature for enzymes

42
Q

thermoregulatory system

how does the body warm up?

A

contract erector muscles
vasoconstrict blood vessels near surface of skin
shiver

43
Q

thermoregulatory

how does the body cool down?

A

sweat
vasodilate blood vessels near surface of skin
relax erector muscles

44
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

acts as a master gland- tells other glands to secrete hormones and secretes a variety of hormones itself

45
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

produces thyroxine, this regulates the rate of metabolism and helps growth and development

46
Q

what does the pancreas gland do?

A

secrete insulin - controls blood glucose concentration

47
Q

what is the name of the undifferentiated cells neurones develop from?

A

stem cells

48
Q

define a genome

A

the entire set of genetic material in an organism

49
Q

this refers to alleles

define homzoygous and heterozygous

A

homozygous- 2 copies of the same alleles
heterozygous- 2 different alleles

50
Q

define genotype and phenotype

A

genotype- complete collection of alleles
phenotype- characteristics obtained from the genotype

51
Q

what is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene

52
Q

what is a nucelotide

A

a monomer that makes up dna

53
Q

what 3 things make up a nucleotide

A

phosphate
sugar
base

54
Q

dna

what bases always pair together?

A

A+T
G+C

55
Q

what does glucagon do and how?

A

increases blood glucose levels by causing cells (e.g liver) to release its glycogen

56
Q

what demographic does type 1 diabetes occur in?

A

children and teenagers

57
Q

what demographic does type 2 diabetes occur in?

A

older, more unhealthy people

58
Q

give 3 ways type 1 diabetes is monitored

A
  1. inject insulin
  2. regular excersise
  3. monitor diet
59
Q

what is the underlying issue in type 2 diabetes?

A

the bodys tissue becomes resistant to insulin

60
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. filter blood
  2. remove urea + waste
  3. regulate levels of useful things e.g ions
61
Q

which hormone is responsible for water levels?

A

ADH

62
Q

what hormones stimulates the uterus to develop?

A

oestrogen

63
Q

what organ are FSH and LH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

64
Q

what organ stimulates an egg to be released?

A

LH

65
Q

what does the hormone FSH do?

A

stimulate the ovaries to mature an egg

66
Q

give 3 effects on the body adrenaline has

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. increased blood pressure
  3. increase blood flow to muscles
67
Q

what conversion of substances does adrenaline cause?

A

glycogen to glucose

68
Q

what happens if thyroxine levels are too low?

A

the pituitary gland produces TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

69
Q

plants

what are auxins?

A

hormones which control growth - found in the tips of roots and shoots

70
Q

what does phototropic and geotropic mean?

A

phototropic- plants shoots grow towards light - roots away
geotropic- plants roots grow with gravity - shoots opposite way

71
Q

where do auxins accumulate in shoots?

A

the shaded side

72
Q

what 3 things does the hormone gibberellin in plants do?

A
  1. induce flowering
  2. increase fruit size
  3. control dormancy
73
Q

what does the plant hormone ethene do?

A

stimulate ripening

74
Q

how can auxin kill weeds?

A

stimulating too much growth will disrupt the growth pattern, killing it

75
Q

give 2 things which increase the risk of mutation

A

carginogens (harmful chemicals)
radiation (e.ggamma rays)

76
Q

what are the 3 types of mutations to a base sequence?

A

substitution- a base is changed to another base
insertion- an extra base is inserted into a sequence
deletion- a base is deleted from a sequence

77
Q

what is a codon?

A

a set of 3 bases which codes for 1 amino acid

78
Q

how can base mutations change an enzymes activity?

A
  1. amino acids will change which make up the enzyme
  2. active site may change
  3. no longer complimentary to substarte
  4. enzyme-substarte complexs wont form
79
Q

what are the male and female plant gametes?

A

male- pollen
female- egg

80
Q

what process creates gametes?

A

meiosis

81
Q

what is a haploid cell and what is a diploid cell?

A

haploid- cell with 23 chromosomes
diploid- cell with 46 chromosomes

82
Q

what process do bacteria cells use to reproduce?

A

binary fission

83
Q

what type of disease is cystic fibrosis?

A

reccessive

84
Q

what type of disease is Polydactyly?

A

dominant

85
Q

give 1 sympton of cycstic fibrosis

A

sticky mucus in the airways of lungs

86
Q

what 2 factors contribute to variation in individuals?

A
  1. environment
  2. inheritance
87
Q

what is speciation?

A

an evolutionary process where a population evolves to become its own species

88
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

transferring a gene which creates a desirable characteristic from one organism to another

89
Q

give 3 ways genetic engineering can improve crops

A
  1. increase crop yield
  2. increase crop quality
  3. resistance to disease
90
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

the treatment of an inherited disorder by giving a patient a healthy copy of their faulty gene

91
Q

describe the steps of genetic engineering for human insulin

A
  1. isolate insulin gene from human dna
  2. insert gene into a vector such as plasmids
  3. insert vector into a host bacterium
  4. allow bacterium to divide and produce insulin
92
Q

what are structural adaptations?

A

adaptations to an organisms physical features

93
Q

what are behavourial adaptations?

A

adaptations to the way an organism behaves or acts

94
Q

what are functional adaptations?

A

adaptations to the processes inside of an organism

biology (10 decks)

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