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organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an organ?

A

a group of different tissues which work together to form a common function

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2
Q

what is the name of the part of the enzyme which binds to the substrate?

A

the active site

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3
Q

what is the optimum temp for enzymes?

A

37 degrees

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4
Q

how does high temperature begin to denature enzymes?

A

as the shape of their active site will change due to bonds being broken, meaning it will no longer be complimentary to the substrates

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5
Q

what is the role of lipids?

A

provide insulation for the body
provide energy for chemical reactions

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6
Q

what is haemoglobin?
where can we get this from in our diet?

A

the protein in red blood cells which helps them transport oxygen around the body
iron

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7
Q

where are lipids broken down?

A

small intestine

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8
Q

where are proteins broken down?

A

stomach
small intestine

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9
Q

where are carbohydrates broken down?

A

mouth
small intestine

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10
Q

what enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

where is it made?

A

amylase

salivary glands, small intestine, pancreas

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11
Q

into amino acids

what enzyme breaks down protein?

where is it made?

A

protease

stomach, small intestine, pancreas

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12
Q

into glycerol and fatty acids

what enzyme breaks down lipids?

where is it made?

A

lipase

pancreas, small intestine

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13
Q

what is pepsin?

A

an enzyme in the stomach which helps break down protein

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14
Q

what are the 2 main roles of bile?

A

neutralises acid from the stomach
emulsifies fat

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15
Q

what are the 2 main roles of the digestive system?

A

digestion- breaking down of large food molecules into smaller ones
absoprtion- absorbing small food molecules into the body

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16
Q

what is the test for:
sugars
proteins
starch
lipids

A

benedicts test
biuret test
iodine test
sudan 3 test

17
Q

during the benedicts test, if sugars are present, what is the colour change?

A

from blue to:
green
yellow
brick red

18
Q

in the iodine test, if starch is present what will the colour change be?

A

browny orange to bluey black

19
Q

in the biuret test, if proteins are present what will the colour change be?

A

blue to pinky purple

20
Q

what are the 4 components of blood?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
plasma

21
Q

what are the 3 functions of white blood cells?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. produce antibodies
  3. produce anti-toxins
22
Q

what is the role of platelets?

A

clot wounds, stopping bleeding

23
Q

what is the role of plasma?

A
  1. makes the blood liquidy, allowing it to flow
  2. carries nutrients as well as waste products
24
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  1. bioconcave shape to increase SA
  2. no nucleus to fit more haemoglobin
25
Q

what are 2 reasons why blood clots?

A
  1. to stop blood leaving the body
  2. to stop pathogens entering our body
26
Q

coronary heart disease

what do stents and statins do?

A

stents- hold artery open, to allow blood to flow (widen lumen)
statins- alter the balance of cholesterol (lower LDL higher HDL concentration)

27
Q

what is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?

A

benign- stays in one area
malignant- spreads around (cancerous)

28
Q

what is the role of the waxy cuticle in plants?

A

to stop water from being evaporated from the leaf

29
Q

what is meristem tissue?

A

tissue in plants made up of plant stem cells

30
Q

what is the function of guard cells in leaves?

A

to open and close the stomata

31
Q

what is the function of stomata in leaves?

A

to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse inwards or to stay outwards

32
Q

what cells perform translocation?

A

phloem cells

33
Q

what does cell sap carry through the phloem tubes?

A

water
sugars

34
Q

what do xylem cells transport?

A

water
mineral ions

35
Q

name 4 factors which influence the transpiration stream

A

ligh intensity
humidity
temperature
wind

36
Q

what is transporation?

A

the evaporation of water from the leaves

biology (10 decks)

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