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cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a single celled organism

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2
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that has a nucleus and organelles, it is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

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3
Q

what is an organelle? provide an example

A

components within the cell that perform a specific function,eg nucleus, mitochondria.

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4
Q

What are the 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, but Prokaryotic cells don’t.
Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, while eukaryotic cells may be multicellular.
Prokaryotic are smaller.
Prokaryotic is not plant or animal, it is bacteria.

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5
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

it transfers energy for the cell through respiration (eukaryotic cell)

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains dna
it is the command center of the eukaryotic cell.

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

it is the site of protein synthesis (where protein cells are produced using DNA)

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8
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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9
Q

What are three pieces of equipment that can be used to prepare cells to view using a microscope?

A

dye/stain
a coverslip
a pipette
tweezers

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is a fluid-like substance that fills the inside of a cell. It supports and suspends organelles.

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell, it contains a full set of chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes e.g sperm. it contains a half set of chromosomes.

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13
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

a stem cell is a cell with the potential to form many of the different cell types found in the body.

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14
Q

Name 2 medical conditions that stem cells could help treat.

A

diabetes, paralysis

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15
Q

What is the difference between plant cells and fungi?

A

fungi does not contain chloroplasts

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16
Q

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

A

nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

A

plant cells have a cell wall
plant cells contain chloroplasts
animal cells have a small vacuole, whereas plant cells have a large central vacuole

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18
Q

In animals what are carbohydrates stored as?

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A space in the cytoplasm of the cell

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19
Q

In animals what is glucose transferred into during anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid

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20
Q

What does aerobic respiration use that anaerobic respiration does not?

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

What is the acronym for photosynthesis?

A

GO-COW(glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water(and energy))

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22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

23
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of molecules up a concentration gradient

24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

25
Q

what is the function of plasmids?

A

contain genes that helps the cell to function

26
Q

what are the 3 stages of the ‘cell cycle’?

A

growth
dna replication + mitosis
division

27
Q

name 3 reasons why new cells are required

A

growth
repair
development

28
Q

what is binary fission?

A

the process of reproduction for prokaryotic cells

29
Q

what 2 things do prokaryotic cells need to do before undergoing binary fission?

A

grow - ensuring 2 cells can be made from 1
replicate genetic material

30
Q

what are the optimal conditions for binary fission?

A

warm
moist
plenty of nutrients

31
Q

What is the term for the procedures used to prevent contamination when culturing microorganisms?

A

aseptic techniques

32
Q

where are plant stem cells found?

A

meristem tissue

33
Q

what are 2 key features of stems cells?

A

they are able to divide through mitosis
able to differentiate into specialised cells

34
Q

what is special about embryonic stem cells?

A

they can differentiate into any type of cell

35
Q

what are the 2 types of stem cells found in animals?

A

adult stem cells
embryonic stem cells

36
Q

how are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A

flagellum (tail)- to swim through the uterus
lots of mitochondria- provides energy to swim
digestive enzyme- breaks a hole in the egg

37
Q

what are 3 drawbacks of embryonic stem cells in medicine?

A

rejection
limited supply
ethical issues

38
Q

what are the 2 risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

virus transmission
tumour growth- due to rapid division

39
Q

name 3 factors which impact the rate of diffusion

A

tempurature
surface area
gradient

40
Q

Which process provides the energy required for active transport?

A

respiration

41
Q

what is the role of alveoli?

A

allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood stream

42
Q

what is the role of vili?

A

allow nutrients (e.g glucose or amino acids) to be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood stream

43
Q

what is a specialised exchange surface?

A

the part of an organism which exchanges substances with their environment

44
Q

give 3 features of specialised exchange surfaces

A

large surface area
very thin surfaces
good supply of external medium

45
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

perform photosynthesis

46
Q

give 3 differences between red blood cells and plant cells

A
  1. rbc= no nucleus
  2. rbc= bioconcave shape, pc= many shapes
  3. rbc= no cell wall, pc= cell wall
47
Q

why do rbc burst in water and pc dont?

A

rbc do not have a cell wall so water uncontrollably enters

48
Q

give 2 aseptic techniques used while handling petri dishes

A
  1. sterilise equipment
  2. secure lid of petri dish
49
Q

give 2 health conditions people with a high fat diet are suseptible to

A
  1. CHD
  2. type 2 diabetes
50
Q

what are the 2 products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells?

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. ethanol
51
Q

give 2 uses of the energy released in respiration

A
  1. allows muscles to contract
  2. keeps organism warm
52
Q

why does co2 emissions release after an organism dies?

A

as decomposing by bacteria results in co2 being released by bacterias respiration

53
Q

what are the monomers of enzymes?

A

amino acids

54
Q

why do enzymes not work at a low temperature?

A

they do not have enough kinetic energy to collide often with substrate molecules

55
Q

what cell structure is found in a leaf but not a root hair cell?

A

chloroplasts

56
Q

why is recieving a blood group which is different from the recievers dangerous?

A

as antibodies will bind to the foreign cells, causing blood clots which block capillaries, reducing blood flow

biology (10 decks)

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