cell biology

Question 1

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

a single celled organism

Question 2

what is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 2

a cell that has a nucleus and organelles, it is surrounded by a plasma membrane.

Question 3

what is an organelle? provide an example

Answer 3

components within the cell that perform a specific function,eg nucleus, mitochondria.

Question 4

What are the 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, but Prokaryotic cells don’t.
Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, while eukaryotic cells may be multicellular.
Prokaryotic are smaller.
Prokaryotic is not plant or animal, it is bacteria.

Question 5

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 5

it transfers energy for the cell through respiration (eukaryotic cell)

Question 6

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 6

contains dna
it is the command center of the eukaryotic cell.

Question 7

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 7

it is the site of protein synthesis (where protein cells are produced using DNA)

Question 8

What is the plant cell wall made of?

Answer 8

Cellulose

Question 9

What are three pieces of equipment that can be used to prepare cells to view using a microscope?

Answer 9

dye/stain
a coverslip
a pipette
tweezers

Question 10

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 10

It is a fluid-like substance that fills the inside of a cell. It supports and suspends organelles.

Question 11

What is mitosis?

Answer 11

Mitosis is a process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell, it contains a full set of chromosomes.

Question 12

What is meiosis?

Answer 12

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes e.g sperm. it contains a half set of chromosomes.

Question 13

What is a stem cell?

Answer 13

a stem cell is a cell with the potential to form many of the different cell types found in the body.

Question 14

Name 2 medical conditions that stem cells could help treat.

Answer 14

diabetes, paralysis

Question 15

What is the difference between plant cells and fungi?

Answer 15

fungi does not contain chloroplasts

Question 16

What do all eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 16

nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm

Question 17

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

Answer 17

plant cells have a cell wall
plant cells contain chloroplasts
animal cells have a small vacuole, whereas plant cells have a large central vacuole

Question 18

In animals what are carbohydrates stored as?

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 18

What is a vacuole?

Answer 18

A space in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 19

In animals what is glucose transferred into during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 19

lactic acid

Question 20

What does aerobic respiration use that anaerobic respiration does not?

Answer 20

Oxygen

Question 21

What is the acronym for photosynthesis?

Answer 21

GO-COW(glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water(and energy))

Question 22

What is osmosis?

Answer 22

the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 23

What is active transport?

Answer 23

the movement of molecules up a concentration gradient

Question 24

What is diffusion?

Answer 24

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 25

what is the function of plasmids?

Answer 25

contain genes that helps the cell to function

Question 26

what are the 3 stages of the 'cell cycle'?

Answer 26

growth dna replication + mitosis division

Question 27

name 3 reasons why new cells are required

Answer 27

growth repair development

Question 28

what is binary fission?

Answer 28

the process of reproduction for prokaryotic cells

Question 29

what 2 things do prokaryotic cells need to do before undergoing binary fission?

Answer 29

grow - ensuring 2 cells can be made from 1 replicate genetic material

Question 30

what are the optimal conditions for binary fission?

Answer 30

warm moist plenty of nutrients

Question 31

What is the term for the procedures used to prevent contamination when culturing microorganisms?

Answer 31

aseptic techniques

Question 32

where are plant stem cells found?

Answer 32

meristem tissue

Question 33

what are 2 key features of stems cells?

Answer 33

they are able to divide through mitosis able to differentiate into specialised cells

Question 34

what is special about embryonic stem cells?

Answer 34

they can differentiate into any type of cell

Question 35

what are the 2 types of stem cells found in animals?

Answer 35

adult stem cells embryonic stem cells

Question 36

how are sperm cells adapted for their function?

Answer 36

flagellum (tail)- to swim through the uterus lots of mitochondria- provides energy to swim digestive enzyme- breaks a hole in the egg

Question 37

what are 3 drawbacks of embryonic stem cells in medicine?

Answer 37

rejection limited supply ethical issues

Question 38

what are the 2 risks of using stem cells in medicine?

Answer 38

virus transmission tumour growth- due to rapid division

Question 39

name 3 factors which impact the rate of diffusion

Answer 39

tempurature surface area gradient

Question 40

Which process provides the energy required for active transport?

Answer 40

respiration

Question 41

what is the role of alveoli?

Answer 41

allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood stream

Question 42

what is the role of vili?

Answer 42

allow nutrients (e.g glucose or amino acids) to be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood stream

Question 43

what is a specialised exchange surface?

Answer 43

the part of an organism which exchanges substances with their environment

Question 44

give 3 features of specialised exchange surfaces

Answer 44

large surface area very thin surfaces good supply of external medium

Question 45

what is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 45

perform photosynthesis

Question 46

give 3 differences between red blood cells and plant cells

Answer 46

1. rbc= no nucleus 2. rbc= bioconcave shape, pc= many shapes 3. rbc= no cell wall, pc= cell wall

Question 47

why do rbc burst in water and pc dont?

Answer 47

rbc do not have a cell wall so water uncontrollably enters

Question 48

give 2 aseptic techniques used while handling petri dishes

Answer 48

1. sterilise equipment 2. secure lid of petri dish

Question 49

give 2 health conditions people with a high fat diet are suseptible to

Answer 49

1. CHD 2. type 2 diabetes

Question 50

what are the 2 products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells?

Answer 50

1. carbon dioxide 2. ethanol

Question 51

give 2 uses of the energy released in respiration

Answer 51

1. allows muscles to contract 2. keeps organism warm

Question 52

why does co2 emissions release after an organism dies?

Answer 52

as decomposing by bacteria results in co2 being released by bacterias respiration

Question 53

what are the monomers of enzymes?

Answer 53

amino acids

Question 54

why do enzymes not work at a low temperature?

Answer 54

they do not have enough kinetic energy to collide often with substrate molecules

Question 55

what cell structure is found in a leaf but not a root hair cell?

Answer 55

chloroplasts

Question 56

why is recieving a blood group which is different from the recievers dangerous?

Answer 56

as antibodies will bind to the foreign cells, causing blood clots which block capillaries, reducing blood flow