Paper 1 Respiratory System TO DO

Question 1

Thermoreceptors

Answer 1

Inform of an increased blood temperature

Question 2

Proprioceptors

Answer 2

Inform of motor activity in the muscles and joints

Question 3

Baroreceptors

Answer 3

(Stretch receptors)

Located in the lung tissue and bronchioles, inform of the state of lung inflation

Question 4

Gaseous exchange

Answer 4

Refers to the movement of gases across a membrane

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

The movement of gases across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 6

Bohr shift

Answer 6

Move in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation

Resulting in the release of more oxygen in exercising muscles

Question 7

Respiratory control centre

Answer 7

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation

Question 8

Vasomotor control centre

Answer 8

Located in the medulla oblongata

Responsible for regulating blood pressure

Question 9

Cardiac control centre

Answer 9

Control centre located in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac regulation/ heart rate regulation

Question 10

Thermorégulation

Answer 10

The process of maintaining internal core temperature

Question 11

Inspiration at rest

Answer 11

1. The external intercostales (which lie between each rib) contract lifting the rib cage and sternum up and out.
2. The diaphragm (which lies underneath the lungs and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity) contracts and flattens.

Question 12

Inspiration

Answer 12

Drawing of air Into the lungs

Question 13

Expiration

Answer 13

Expelling of air from the lungs

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

Clusters of tiny air sacs covered in a dense network of capillaries which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange

Question 15

Haemaglobin

Answer 15

An iron rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin.

Question 16

Oxygen

Answer 16

The essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

Question 17

Carbon dioxide

Answer 17

The waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells.

Question 18

Breathing rate

Answer 18

The number of inspirations or expirations (breaths) per minute

Question 19

Tidal volume

Answer 19

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath

Question 20

What is a resting breathing rate?

Answer 20

Approximately 12-15 breaths/min.

Question 21

How can breathing rate and tidal volume be measured

Answer 21

Using a spirometer.

Performer will seal their nose and breathe normally into a mouthpiece.

They will be asked to give one maximal inspiration and one maximal expiration.

Question 22

Minute ventilation

Answer 22

The volume of air inspired or expirent per minute

Question 23

Breathing rate response to exercise

Answer 23

Breathing rate increases in proportion to the intensity of exercise until we approach our maximum of around 50-60 breaths per minute

Question 24

Tidal volume response to exercise

Answer 24

Tidal volume will initially increase in proportion to exercise.

Tidal volume reaches a plateau during sub maximal

Question 25

Minute ventilation response to exercise and recovery

Answer 25

Initial rise prior to exercise

Rapid increase at the beginning of exercise

Steady state throughout sustained intensity exercise

An initially rapid and then more gradual decrease to resting levels once exercise has finished

Question 26

Mechanics of inspiration during exercise

Answer 26

Additional inspiratory muscles can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction:

• Sternocleidomastoid
• Pectoralis major

Question 27

Mechanics of expiration at rest

Answer 27

1. The external intercostals relax, lowering the rib cage and sternum down and in
2. The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its done shape

Question 28

Mechanics of expiration during exercise

Answer 28

When exercise begins, expiration becomes an active process.

The natural relaxation of external intercostals does not provide enough force to expire quickly enough for breathing rate to increase.

Additional exploratory muscles can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction.

1. Rectus abdominis
2. Internal intercostals

Question 29

Starlings law

Answer 29

Increased venous return leads to an increased stroke volume, due to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contraction.

Question 30

Inspiratory centre (IC)

Answer 30

A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration

Question 31

Exploratory centre (EC)

Answer 31

A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration

Question 32

Effects of training on respiratory system

Answer 32

• Increase respiratory muscle strength

- Decrease resting and sun- maximal frequency of breathing

Question 33

Equation for minute ventilation

Answer 33

TV x BR

Litres per second

Question 34

Which nerve stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm

Answer 34

Phrenic nerve

Question 35

Internal respiration

Answer 35

Capillaries to muscle cells

Question 36

External respiration

Answer 36

Alveoli to capillaries

Question 37

What does air travel through between the nose and the bronchi

Answer 37

• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea

Question 38

Which additional inspiratory muscles can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction

Answer 38

• Pectoralis major

- Sternoclidomastoid

Question 39

Which additional expiratory muscles can be recruited to give a larger force of contraction?

Answer 39

• Rectus abdominous

- Internal intercostals

Question 40

Breathing rate

Answer 40

Number of inspirations or expirations per minute