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Pathophysiology > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by wya of duct

A

pancreatic duct, joining with the common bile duct which in turn drains into the duodenum

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2
Q

endocrine gland

A
  • ductless gland that secretes their products and hormones directly into the blood
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3
Q

insulin

A

regulated metabolism of carbs, fats, proteins by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells

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4
Q

glucagon

A
  • catabolic
  • functional to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in bloodstream
  • responds to declining insulin levels
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5
Q

what does glucagon favor

A

energy utilization

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6
Q

exocrine gland

A

secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by wya of duct

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7
Q

islets of langerhans

A

regions of the pancrease that contain its endocrine cells

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8
Q

islets of langerhans cells

A

alpha
beta
delta

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9
Q

what do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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10
Q

what do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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11
Q

what do delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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12
Q

what does the release of insulin depend on

A

amount of glucose in the blood

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13
Q

is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone

A

anabolic

stimulates cellular uptake of amino acids

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14
Q

functions of insulin

A
  • reduce circulation levels of glucose
  • favors the utilization of available glucose
  • inhibits storage of glucose
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15
Q

glucagon

A
  • catabolic hormone

- works to increase concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream

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16
Q

exocrine fxn of pancreas

A

secretes enzymes into the pancreatic duct onto the epithelial surfaces

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17
Q

digestive enzymes of the pancreas are essential for what

A

processing food stuff

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18
Q

zymogens are what in the pancreas

A
  • storage form of digestive enzymes

- release digestive enzymes

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19
Q

acute pancreatitis occurs when

A
  • there is an abnormal activation of digestive enzymes within pancreas or breakdown in zymogens
  • autodigestion of pancreas
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20
Q

symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A 
pain
N&V
anorexia
abdominal pain - cardinal symptom
if system, hyperglycemia
21
Q

PT implication for acute pancreatitis

A
  • pancreatic scarring may occur and limit trunk ext
  • bed position: changing positions painful, need to convince them to move
  • back pain
22
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

development of irreversible changes in pancreas

secondary to chronic inflammation

23
Q

symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

A

chronic abdominal pain

can develop DM

24
Q

PT implications for chronic pancreatitis

A

work on ROM
DM
complications with alcohol consumption - malnutrition, cirrhosis, ascites

25
Q

pancreatic CA

A
  • age >55
  • blockage of pancreatic duct
  • advanced disease
26
Q

what do pt experience with pancreatic CA

A
  • weight loss
  • pain
  • jaundice
  • impaired posture
  • impaired muscle performance, ROM
  • intractable back pain
27
Q

whipple procedure

A
  • pancreatic CA

- remove a tumor in the head of you pancreas, ampulla, or first part of your duodenum

28
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • 5-10% of all cases
  • autoimmune disease
  • insulin deficiency
  • indefinitely on insulin therapy
29
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • from type 1 DM

- accelerated degradation of fatty acids, formation of ketones, lowers blood pH

30
Q

too much insulin –>

A

pulls too much glucose out of blood –> hypoglycemia

31
Q

fasting glucose levels
normal:
prediabetic:
diabetic:

A

normal: <100
prediabetic: 100-125
diabetic: greater than or equal to 126

32
Q

oral glucose tolerance test

A

usually done after fasting

given sugar drink to see glucose levels rise and fall

33
Q

OGTT
normal:
prediabetic:
diabetic:

A

normal: <140
prediabetic: 140-199
diabetic: >200

34
Q

a1c levels
normal:
optimal:

A
  • measure of how well they control their glucose levels, long term
  • normal: <6%
  • optimal: <7%
35
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination to clear excess glucose

36
Q

polyphagia

A

excessive appetite

37
Q

weight loss from DM is due to

A

excessive fat catabolism

38
Q

type 2 DM

A
  • 80-90% cases
  • metabolic syndrome
  • insulin deficiency and/or resistance
  • may or may not be on insulin
  • lifestyle disorder
  • if uncontrolled, within 20 years will be type 1 diabetic
39
Q

comorbidities with type 2 diabetes

A
  • diabetic retinopathy
  • diabetic nephropathy
  • diabetic neuropathy
40
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A
  • slow, 5-20 years to appear

- impaired vision due to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes

41
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A
  • impaired kidney fxn due to diabetes
  • most common cause of ESRD
  • glycemic control and HTN control reduce risk and slow progression
42
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A
  • damage to nerves
  • loss of sensation
  • numbness, tingling, burning
  • foot drop
43
Q

charcot foot syndrome

A
  • diabetic neuropathy
  • inflammatory
  • varying degrees of bone and joint disorganiztion secondary to neuropathy, trauma, bone metabolism
44
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A
  • reduced BF to periphery
  • decreased or absent pedal pulse
  • damage to basement membrane of smaller blood vessels
45
Q

major cause of mortality for person with DM

A

CVD

46
Q

DM is an independent risk factor for what

A

CAD

47
Q

PT and type 1 diabetes

A
  • movement and exercise

- manage comorbidities

48
Q

PT and type 2 diabetes

A
  • movement and exercise

- manage emerging comorbidities

49
Q

PT and metabolic syndrome

A
  • mange the criteria which define the presence of metabolic syndrome
  • movement and exercise

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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