Cancer Flashcards
what is cancer?
uncontrolled cell growth
neoplasm
new abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body
malignant
- growing worse
- resisting treatment
- tending or threating to produce death
- harmful
benign
- not recurrent or progressive
- opposite of malignant
metastasis
- change in location
- spread of primary tumor to a new location
what process does metastasis involve
- cell detachment
- invasion
- transportation
- invasion
- reestablishment
grade of cancer
characteristics of tumor cells
what can the grade of the cancer tell us
predict likelihood of growth and spread
stage of cancer
indicates the extent, severity or aggressiveness of the tumor
leukemia
- malignant neoplasm found in the bone marrow and the blood
- non-functional but replicating intermediate stage blood cells
- crowd out normal blood cells, inhibit blood cell production
myeloid progenitor
gives rise to WBC
lymphoid progenitor
gives rise to lymphocytes
AE of chemo
- cancer related fatigue
- pain
- peripheral neuropathy
- N&V
- mucositis
- diarrhea
- constipation
- brain fog
- appetite loss
- left ventricular dysfunction
- functional deficits
- disabilities secondary to surgery
- pulmonary deficits
- osteoporosis
- reoccurrence of cancer
what does high dose radiation do
- damage all of the healthy tissue that it passes through
- cardiac damage
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
acute lymphocytic leukemia: seen in who
- 20% of all leukemias
- 30% adults, 70% peds
acute lymphocytic leukemia: prognosis
- rapidly progressing, can die within several weeks
- peds: 80% survival
- adults: 40% survival
acute lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis
- blast cells: >20% bone marrow cells appear in the blood
- non-functional cells occupy space
- limited blood cell production
acute lymphocytic leukemia: AE
- anemia
- increased risk for infection
- increased risk for bleeding
AML
acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia
acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: seen in who
- 40% all leukemias
- 90% adults
- rare in children
acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: prognosis
- rapid progression
- cure rates: 20-45%
- mean age: 63, incidence increasing with increasing age
acute myelogenous (myeloid) leukemia: diagnosis
immature cells in the myeloid line of blood cells (WBC)
CLL
chronic lymphocyctic leukemia
chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: seen in who
- 25% of all leukemias
- 100% of adults
- 0% peds
chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: prognosis
- overall medial survival: 10-14 years
- poor cytogenetics: 8 yrs
- good cytogenetics: 25 yrs
- age: 50
chronic lymphocyctic leukemia: diagnosis
- chromosomal abnormalities
- affects B-lymphocytes, out of control growth
CML
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: seen in who
- 20% of all cases
- adults: 95-100%
peds: 2%, rare
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: prognosis
- avg age: 66
- slow progression, moderate progression
chronic myeloid (myelogenous) leukemia: diagnosis
- CML affects myeloid cells and usually grows slowly at first
- philadelphia chromosome
leukemia treatment
- chemo
- radiaiton
- bone marrow transplantation
lymphoma
- cancer in lymphatic system
- can also occur throughout rest of body
- involves lymphocytes
- orignated from lymphoid progenitor cells
hodgkins lymphoma
- presence of reed-sternberg cell
- can be indolent or aggressive
non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
- 90% of all lymphoma cases
- when a T-cell or B-cell becomes abnormal
lymphoma symptoms
- painless swelling of lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin**
- persistent, overwhelming fatigue
- fever**
- night sweats**
- SOB
- unexplained weight loss
- itchy skin
multiple myeloma
- malignant neoplasm arising in the bone marrow which can turn into a tumor
- tumor initially affects the bones and bone marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and femur
- blood tumor, not bone tumor
- uncommon
what is the primary presenting symptom with multiple myeloma
bone pain
progression of multiple myeloma
causes damage to the kidney, leads to recurrent infections and affects the nervous system
prognosis of multiple myeloma
poor
multiple myeloma clinical presentation
- pathological fx
- bone destruction/osteoporosis
- life threatening hypercalcemia
- muscular weakness and atrophy
- kidney involvment
multiple myeloma treatment
chemo
how do you recondition a pt with an increased risk of fracture? like someone with multiple myeloma?
- dont specifically load the areas where fractures occur
- limit flexion activites
