Pain Management

Question 1

Pain can induce a stress response which can cause what biochemical elevations?

Hint: there are 5

Answer 1

1. Glucose
2. Renin
3. Catecholamines
4. ADH
5. Cortisol

Question 2

Pain can induce a stress response which can cause what biochemical decreases?

Answer 2

1. Insulin
2. Testosterone

Question 3

Define somatic pain and provide an example

Answer 3

Pain that originates from damage to bones, joints, muscles, or skin.

Ex: a fractured femur

Question 4

Define visceral pain and provide an example

Answer 4

Arises from stretching, distension, or inflammation of the viscera or internal organs in the main cavities, especially those in the abdomen.

Ex: ovariohysterectomy

Question 5

Define neuropathic pain and provide an example

Answer 5

Initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system (PNS or CNS).

Ex: IVDD

Question 6

What are 2 systemic effects of pain?

Answer 6

1. Activation of the CNS (increased sympathetic output)
2. Endocrine stress response (increased hormone secretion)

   - glucosemia (stress hyperglycemia)
   - insulin resistance
   - cytokine production (inflammatory)

Question 7

List 4 ways pain can affect the cardiovascular system.

Answer 7

1. Tachycardia
2. Hypertension
3. Vasoconstriction
4. Increased oxygen consumption

Question 8

How can pain affect the lungs?

Answer 8

Can cause rapid breathing or shortness of breath which can result in hypercapnia.

Question 9

What are 3 consequences of pain on the GI tract?

Answer 9

1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Ileus and gut stasis

Question 10

What are two consequences of pain on the renal system?

Answer 10

1. Low urine production
2. Urine retention

Question 11

What are 3 consequences of pain on the extremities?

Answer 11

1. Skeletal muscle pain
2. Limited mobility
3. Thromboembolism (lack of movement)

Question 12

What is a consequence of pain on the immune system?

Answer 12

Impairment and reduced healing

Question 13

List 4 consequences of pain on the endocrine system.

Answer 13

1. Vagal inhibition
2. Increased adrenergic activity
3. Increased metabolism
4. Increased oxygen consumption

Question 14

List 4 ways pain is exhibited through the central nervous system.

Answer 14

1. Anxiety
2. Fear
3. Sedation
4. Fatigue