Endocrine & Metabolic Flashcards
Name the main components of the endocrine system.
Hint: there are 8 components
- Central nervous system
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal glands
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Endocrine pancreas
- Gonads
- Placenta
List the types of chemical messengers available for coordination of body functions.
Hint: there are 6
Never Eat Normal Pizza After Class
- Neurotransmitters
- Endocrine hormones
- Neuroendocrine hormones
- Paracrine substances
- Autocrine substances
- Cytokines
How do neurotransmitters work?
They are relaxed by axon terminals of neurons into synaptic clefts and act locally to control nerve cell function.
How do endocrine hormones function?
They are released by glands into the circulating blood and influence the function of target locations at distant sites within the body.
What do paracrine substances do?
They are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of different types.
How do autocrine substances work?
They are secreted by cells into the extracellualr fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produce them.
What do cytokines do?
They are proteins secreted by cells into extracellular fluid that generally affect the immune system.
What is the difference between traditional hypoadrenocorticism and atypical hypoadrenocorticism?
Atypical Addison’s results from inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids only and does no cause the same classical lab findings as traditional.
Traditional results from inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids by the adrenal cortex.
What is the primary mineralocorticoid deficient in hypoadrenocorticism?
Aldosterone - which normally promotes renal resorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.
What are the primary glucocorticoids deficient in hypoadrenocorticism?
Cortisol and corticosterone.
