Pain Management Flashcards
The Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center Acute Pain Scale uses which of the following options as an indication of pain?
- Numeric ratings and artistic renderings of animals at various levels of pain
- Number scale
- Happy to sad faces
- Recorded sounds
Numeric ratings and artistic renderings of animals at various levels of pain
What is nociception?
- A normal response to tissue damage
- Pain without apparent biological value that has persisted beyond the normal tissue healing time, usually taken to be 3 months
- Any stimuli to the affected area that would normally be innocuous becomes noxious
- The activity in the peripheral pathway that transmits and processes the information about the stimulus to the brain
The activity in the peripheral pathway that transmits and processes the information about the stimulus to the brain
Which of the following is a corticosteroid?
- Meloxicam
- Flunixin meglamine
- Robenacoxib
- Prednisone
Prednisone
Which of the following terms describes the changing, inhibiting, or amplifying of an impulse within the spinal cord?
- Perception
- Inflammation
- Modulation
- Transmission
Modulation
Which type of pain is initiated by irritation or dysfunction of a sensory nerve?
- Chronic pain
- Neuropathic pain
- Nociceptive pain
- Somatic pain
Neuropathic pain
Which of the following opioid drugs is commonly administered via a transdermal patch?
- Fentanyl
- Lidocaine
- Carprofen
- Morphine
Fentanyl
How do local blocks treat pain?
- Block transduction and transmission peripherally
- Block the perception of pain in the brain
- Block the modulation of pain in the spinal cord
- Inhibit COX enzymes
Block transduction and transmission peripherally
Which of the following behaviors are commonly associated with clinical signs of pain in dogs?
- Panting, anorexia, and depression
- Playful actions and excessive licking of the owners
- Vocalization and increased appetite
- Increased attention to the environment
Panting, anorexia, and depression
Idiopathic pain is defined as:
- Pain that is caused by injury to nerves
- Pain that is caused by cancer
- Pain that is of unknown cause
- Pain that is caused by inflammation
Pain that is of unknown cause
Pathologic pain is defined as:
- Pain that is of unknown cause
- Pain that is caused by tissue injury
- Pain that is caused by cancer
- Pain that is not associated with tissue injury
Pain that is not associated with tissue injury
Which of the following analgesics most often causes vomiting as a side effect in dogs when administered as a premedication?
- fentanyl
- butorphanol
- morphine
- carprofen
morphine
Which of the following is a limitation of using an alpha 2 agonist for pain control?
- Short duration of effect
Only works if it is used as a single agent
Cannot be given as epidural
Causes tachycardia
Short duration of effect
What is one strategy the veterinary clinic can use to help decrease a patient’s likelihood of developing central sensitization and all of the negative aspects associated with it?
- Provide preemptive analgesia
- Provide comfortable bedding
- Start IV fluids
- Discontinue vaccines
Provide preemptive analgesia
A cow with painful mastitis would most likely be treated with which analgesic?
- local anesthetic
- opioid
- corticosteroid
- NSAID
NSAID
What is a possible consequence of untreated pain?
- Apnea
- Bradycardia
- Delayed wound healing
- Increased scar tissue
Delayed wound healing
Name three signs of pain in a cat.
- Sleeping continually, overeating, attention-seeking behavior
- Resentment at being handled, aggression, abnormal posture
- Hyperactivity, pupillary enlargement, tail swishing
- Hypotension, hypocapnia, bradycardia
Resentment at being handled, aggression, abnormal posture
What is a benefit of cryotherapy?
- Decreased metabolism so patient is less hungry
- Decreased production of pain mediators, leading to analgesia
- Useful 2 to 3 weeks postinjury
- Prevention of hyperthermia
Decreased production of pain mediators, leading to analgesia
Which term describes a drug that stimulates a receptor?
- antagonist
- agonist
- antitussive
- antithesis
agonist
What is “wind-up”?
- Occurs when tissue inflammation leads to the release of a complex array of chemical mediators, resulting in reduced nociceptor thresholds
- Brief trauma or noxious stimulus—physiological pain
- The perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate
- An increase in the excitability of spinal neurons, mediated in part by the activation of NMDA receptors in dorsal horn neurons
The perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate
In dogs, normal doses of opioids generally produce all of the following except
- Analgesia
- Excitement
- Respiratory depression
- Decreased heart rate
Excitement
Which of the following drugs is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?
- Carprofen
- Oxymorphone
- Ketamine
- Amantadine
The process by which thermal, mechanical, or chemical noxious stimuli are converted into electrical signals called action potentials is:
- Transmission
- Perception
- Modulation
- Transduction
Over dosage of the sodium channel blockers (lidocaine) may result in:
- cardiotoxicity, seizures, coma and death
- gastritis, ulcers and acute renal failure
- hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia
- nausea, hyperexcitability, hyperthermia, respiratory depression
How does ketamine treat pain?
- Treats anxiety associated with pain
- Treats inflammation
- Treats neuropathic pain
- Prevents pain windup
Prevents pain windup
Why is epinephrine often added to lidocaine for local analgesia?
- epinephrine prolongs the effects of lidocaine
- epinephrine is a pharmacologic antagonist to lidocaine
- epinephrine neutralizes the pH of lidocaine making it less painful
- epinephrine has a sedative effect
The false statement regarding postsurgical pain is
- If a procedure is known to be painful in humans, it should be regarded as such in animal patients.
- The pain serves a useful purpose by preventing activity that could cause further tissue injury.
- An animal that experiences postoperative pain is more likely to have a poor anesthetic recovery.
- Inhalation anesthetics currently used in smallanimal practice do not provide significant postoperative pain control.
The pain serves a useful purpose by preventing activity that could cause further tissue injury.
Which of the following time frames describes chronic pain?
- Pain that lasts minutes to hours
- The sharp pain that accompanies IV catheter placement
- Pain that lasts only 2 hours
- Pain that is prolonged (days, weeks, months)
Why are NSAIDS that are approved for use in dogs often contraindicated for use in cats?
- The rate of metabolism of NSAIDS is highly variable in cats.
- It is more difficult for most clients to administer oral medications to a cat.
- The threshold for pain is higher in cats than in dogs.
- The liver of a cat does not produce cyclooxygenase.
Using multiple drugs, at lower doses, to target different points in the pain pathway is an example of what?
- Broad spectrum pain control
- Triple drip
- Multimodal analgesia
- Combination therapy
What is the correct sequence of steps to the pain pathway?
- Perception, inhibition, conduction, inflammation
- Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
- Perception, modulation, transmission, transduction
- Transduction, modulation, transmission, perception
What are three chronic pain diseases?
- Respiratory infection, cardiac disease, blocked cat
- Osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease, cancer
- Lymphoma, diabetes, gastric dilatation–volvulus
- Broken leg, bronchitis, hypertension
What is one strategy the veterinary clinic can use to help decrease a patient’s likelihood of developing central sensitization and all of the negative aspects associated with it?
- Start IV fluids
- Discontinue vaccines
- Provide comfortable bedding
- Provide preemptive analgesia
An ovariohysterectomy, which involves surgically incising the skin and abdominal wall and excising the uterus and ovaries, has the following components of pain:
Group of answer choices
Both somatic and visceral pain
Somatic pain only
Visceral pain only
Neither somatic nor visceral pain
