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Licensure Exam Comprehensive Review > Pain Management > Flashcards

Pain Management Flashcards

1
Q

The Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center Acute Pain Scale uses which of the following options as an indication of pain?

  • Numeric ratings and artistic renderings of animals at various levels of pain
  • Number scale
  • Happy to sad faces
  • Recorded sounds
A

Numeric ratings and artistic renderings of animals at various levels of pain

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2
Q

What is nociception?

  • A normal response to tissue damage
  • Pain without apparent biological value that has persisted beyond the normal tissue healing time, usually taken to be 3 months
  • Any stimuli to the affected area that would normally be innocuous becomes noxious
  • The activity in the peripheral pathway that transmits and processes the information about the stimulus to the brain
A

The activity in the peripheral pathway that transmits and processes the information about the stimulus to the brain

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3
Q

Which of the following is a corticosteroid?

  • Meloxicam
  • Flunixin meglamine
  • Robenacoxib
  • Prednisone
A

Prednisone

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4
Q

Which of the following terms describes the changing, inhibiting, or amplifying of an impulse within the spinal cord?

  • Perception
  • Inflammation
  • Modulation
  • Transmission
A

Modulation

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5
Q

Which type of pain is initiated by irritation or dysfunction of a sensory nerve?

  • Chronic pain
  • Neuropathic pain
  • Nociceptive pain
  • Somatic pain
A

Neuropathic pain

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6
Q

Which of the following opioid drugs is commonly administered via a transdermal patch?

  • Fentanyl
  • Lidocaine
  • Carprofen
  • Morphine
A

Fentanyl

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7
Q

How do local blocks treat pain?

  • Block transduction and transmission peripherally
  • Block the perception of pain in the brain
  • Block the modulation of pain in the spinal cord
  • Inhibit COX enzymes
A

Block transduction and transmission peripherally

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8
Q

Which of the following behaviors are commonly associated with clinical signs of pain in dogs?

  • Panting, anorexia, and depression
  • Playful actions and excessive licking of the owners
  • Vocalization and increased appetite
  • Increased attention to the environment
A

Panting, anorexia, and depression

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9
Q

Idiopathic pain is defined as:

  • Pain that is caused by injury to nerves
  • Pain that is caused by cancer
  • Pain that is of unknown cause
  • Pain that is caused by inflammation
A

Pain that is of unknown cause

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10
Q

Pathologic pain is defined as:

  • Pain that is of unknown cause
  • Pain that is caused by tissue injury
  • Pain that is caused by cancer
  • Pain that is not associated with tissue injury
A

Pain that is not associated with tissue injury

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11
Q

Which of the following analgesics most often causes vomiting as a side effect in dogs when administered as a premedication?

  • fentanyl
  • butorphanol
  • morphine
  • carprofen
A

morphine

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12
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of using an alpha 2 agonist for pain control?

  • Short duration of effect

Only works if it is used as a single agent

Cannot be given as epidural

Causes tachycardia

A

Short duration of effect

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13
Q

What is one strategy the veterinary clinic can use to help decrease a patient’s likelihood of developing central sensitization and all of the negative aspects associated with it?

  • Provide preemptive analgesia
  • Provide comfortable bedding
  • Start IV fluids
  • Discontinue vaccines
A

Provide preemptive analgesia

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14
Q

A cow with painful mastitis would most likely be treated with which analgesic?

  • local anesthetic
  • opioid
  • corticosteroid
  • NSAID
A

NSAID

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15
Q

What is a possible consequence of untreated pain?

  • Apnea
  • Bradycardia
  • Delayed wound healing
  • Increased scar tissue
A

Delayed wound healing

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16
Q

Name three signs of pain in a cat.

  • Sleeping continually, overeating, attention-seeking behavior
  • Resentment at being handled, aggression, abnormal posture
  • Hyperactivity, pupillary enlargement, tail swishing
  • Hypotension, hypocapnia, bradycardia
A

Resentment at being handled, aggression, abnormal posture

17
Q

What is a benefit of cryotherapy?

  • Decreased metabolism so patient is less hungry
  • Decreased production of pain mediators, leading to analgesia
  • Useful 2 to 3 weeks postinjury
  • Prevention of hyperthermia
A

Decreased production of pain mediators, leading to analgesia

18
Q

Which term describes a drug that stimulates a receptor?

  • antagonist
  • agonist
  • antitussive
  • antithesis
A

agonist

19
Q

What is “wind-up”?

  • Occurs when tissue inflammation leads to the release of a complex array of chemical mediators, resulting in reduced nociceptor thresholds
  • Brief trauma or noxious stimulus—physiological pain
  • The perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate
  • An increase in the excitability of spinal neurons, mediated in part by the activation of NMDA receptors in dorsal horn neurons
A

The perceived increase in pain intensity over time when a given painful stimulus is delivered repeatedly above a critical rate

20
Q

In dogs, normal doses of opioids generally produce all of the following except

  • Analgesia
  • Excitement
  • Respiratory depression
  • Decreased heart rate
A

Excitement

21
Q

Which of the following drugs is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug?

  • Carprofen
  • Oxymorphone
  • Ketamine
  • Amantadine
A
22
Q

The process by which thermal, mechanical, or chemical noxious stimuli are converted into electrical signals called action potentials is:

  • Transmission
  • Perception
  • Modulation
  • Transduction
A
23
Q

Over dosage of the sodium channel blockers (lidocaine) may result in:

  • cardiotoxicity, seizures, coma and death
  • gastritis, ulcers and acute renal failure
  • hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia
  • nausea, hyperexcitability, hyperthermia, respiratory depression
A
24
Q

How does ketamine treat pain?

  • Treats anxiety associated with pain
  • Treats inflammation
  • Treats neuropathic pain
  • Prevents pain windup
A

Prevents pain windup

25
Q

Why is epinephrine often added to lidocaine for local analgesia?

  • epinephrine prolongs the effects of lidocaine
  • epinephrine is a pharmacologic antagonist to lidocaine
  • epinephrine neutralizes the pH of lidocaine making it less painful
  • epinephrine has a sedative effect
A
26
Q

The false statement regarding postsurgical pain is

  • If a procedure is known to be painful in humans, it should be regarded as such in animal patients.
  • The pain serves a useful purpose by preventing activity that could cause further tissue injury.
  • An animal that experiences postoperative pain is more likely to have a poor anesthetic recovery.
  • Inhalation anesthetics currently used in small­animal practice do not provide significant postoperative pain control.
A

The pain serves a useful purpose by preventing activity that could cause further tissue injury.

27
Q

Which of the following time frames describes chronic pain?

  • Pain that lasts minutes to hours
  • The sharp pain that accompanies IV catheter placement
  • Pain that lasts only 2 hours
  • Pain that is prolonged (days, weeks, months)
A
28
Q

Why are NSAIDS that are approved for use in dogs often contraindicated for use in cats?

  • The rate of metabolism of NSAIDS is highly variable in cats.
  • It is more difficult for most clients to administer oral medications to a cat.
  • The threshold for pain is higher in cats than in dogs.
  • The liver of a cat does not produce cyclooxygenase.
A
29
Q

Using multiple drugs, at lower doses, to target different points in the pain pathway is an example of what?

  • Broad spectrum pain control
  • Triple drip
  • Multimodal analgesia
  • Combination therapy
A
30
Q

What is the correct sequence of steps to the pain pathway?

  • Perception, inhibition, conduction, inflammation
  • Transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
  • Perception, modulation, transmission, transduction
  • Transduction, modulation, transmission, perception
A
31
Q

What are three chronic pain diseases?

  • Respiratory infection, cardiac disease, blocked cat
  • Osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc disease, cancer
  • Lymphoma, diabetes, gastric dilatation–volvulus
  • Broken leg, bronchitis, hypertension
A
32
Q

What is one strategy the veterinary clinic can use to help decrease a patient’s likelihood of developing central sensitization and all of the negative aspects associated with it?

  • Start IV fluids
  • Discontinue vaccines
  • Provide comfortable bedding
  • Provide preemptive analgesia
A
33
Q

An ovariohysterectomy, which involves surgically incising the skin and abdominal wall and excising the uterus and ovaries, has the following components of pain:
Group of answer choices

Both somatic and visceral pain

Somatic pain only

Visceral pain only

Neither somatic nor visceral pain

A

Licensure Exam Comprehensive Review (13 decks)

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