page 168-177 Flashcards
hip shoulder
ball and socket
carpal bone
gliding
elbow knee
hinge
pivot
atlas axis
radius ulna
ellipsoidal
metacarple bone
saddle
art. capsule
fibrous CT
surrounds joint
lined by synovial membrane
art. cartieldge
layer of hyaline cart. that covers the articular bone surfaces .
synovial cavity
lies within articular capsule and contains synovial fluid
lines the articular capsule
produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
lubricates the articular capsule
origin is neural tube ectoderm
CNs
brain and spinal cord
CNS
Nuclei
cell body clusters of CNS
neural crest ectoderm
origin of PNS
ganglia
cell body clusters of CNS
cranial and spinal nerve, ganglia, Nerve Ends
PNS
perikaryon
has cell membrane
cyt.
nucelus
nuclei body(rER)
axon
info away from cell body .one axon per cell body
dendrite
conducts info to cell body. # of dendrite per cell is variable, depending on type of neuron
cytoskeleton
actin
microtubule
neurofilament
motor snesoyr mixed
neuron class
unipolar neuron
one processs. sensory
bipolar
2 processes
retina and ganglia of CN 8
multipolar
3 or more proceses
motor and mixed
junction that transmit impulse from one neuron to another,
or one neuron to effector cell
synapse
scaffold of BBB
reg. of metabolites
atrocytes
protoplasmic astrocyte
; gray matter
fibrous astrocyte
reg. of metabolite
myelination
oligodendrocyte
microglia
phagocytosis
epithelium of ventricle of brain
spinal cord
ependymal cells
secretion of CSF
choroidal cells
PNS
schwann cells
myelination
surround nerve processes
satellite cells
support and
surround nerve ganglia
electrical synapse
synaptic cleft is gap junction
located in smooth and cardiac muscle
chemical synapse
synaptic cleft is 20-30 mm intercellular space
nonconducting cells that insulate neurons
supporting cells
oligodendrocytes
CNS
multiplecells/ neuron
oligodendorocyte
schwann cells
PNS
1 cell/neuron
schwann cells
composed of several internodal tonguelike processes that wrap around axon
oligodendrocyte
composed of multiple layers concentrically wrapped around axon
schwann cell
myelin sheath
lipid rich layer surrounding and insulating myelinated axons
neurilemma
layr of myelin cell cytoplasm that contiguous with myelin sheath
node of ranvier
unmy. junction b/n 2 mylein cells.
myelin formation begins be4 — and during — — postnatally
birth
1st year
transportation
buffer
thermoregulation
blood
erythrocyte
leukocyte
platelet
formed elements(cell portion)
H2O
8% of plasma
plasma
55% of blood(liquid protion)
80% of plasma
h2o
electrolyte
blood gases
hormones
enzymes
met. products
plasma component
protein component of Plasma(55)%
Albumin—> reg. vasc . osmotic pressure
globulin –> immunoglobulin
38% of protein of plasma
fibrinogen and clotting factor–> hemostasis
part of protein component of plasma
tf rbc mostly transport CO2
F
O2(99%
nill nuc or mitochondrion
elastic
biconcave disc
RBC
life span of RBC
120 days
hemostasis
platelet
cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocytes
platelet
no nucleus
Platelet
lifespan of 5-10 days
platelet
leukocyte
immunoreg.
inflammation
phagocytosis
hypersensitivity
nucleated but morphology is variable
leukocyte
variable life span
leukocyte
lipid membrane contain lipoportein and blood group surface markers
erythrocyte
amt. of bile pigment excreted by liver estimates the amt. of erythrocyte destruction/day
erythrocyte
cytoplasmic granules
eosinophils
basopi
neutrophils
granulocyte
lymphocyte
monocyte
agranulocyte
few cytoplasmic granule
agranulocyte
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis
all blood cells derived from
one pluripotent stem cell
hormone reg.
heamtopoiesis
occurs in bone marrow
hematopoeisis
3-5 lobes
neutrophil
2 lobes
eosinophil
2-3 lobes obscured by dense granules
basophils
large rond nucleus
lymphocyte
u shaped nucleus
monocyte
acute inflamtion
phagocytosis
neutrophil
phagocytosis
chronic inflamation
eosinophil
hypersensitivity
(bind IgE)
basophil
chronic inflamtion
immunoreg
lymphocyte
chronic inflamation
phagocytosis
monocyte
peroxidase
histaminase
arylsulfatase
eosinophil
histamine
serotonin
heparin sulfate
basophil
few azurophilic
granules
lymphocyte
few azurophilic
granules
monocyte
specific granules
azurophilic granules
neutrophils
b/n arteries and arterioles
larges art. and medium arteries
b/n vneuls and vena cava
medium veins and large veins
tunica intima
simple squamous ep. resting on Basement mebrane and subend. CT
pluripotent stem cells diff. to
lymphois stem cell and myeloid stem cells
t and b cell come from
t and B cell
myeloid stem cells
granulocyte
monocyte
erythrocyte
megakaryoblast
platelet diff from
megakaryoblast
eosinophil
basophil
neutrophil
comes from granulocyte
smoth muscle
elastic fibers
tunica media
thicker in arteries
tunica media
tunica adventitia
CT with collagen and elastic fibers
thicker in veins
larger vessels contain vasa vasora
tunica adventitia
arteries
additional elastic layer called internal elastic membrane
endocardium
same as tunica intima
simple sq. ep.
myocardium
thickest portion of heart
and has cardiac muscle
pericardium
outer layer of CT and adipose tissue surrounded by simple sq. ep.
thickest tunica media
elastic>smooth muscle
vasa vasora
elastic arteries
muscular art
thick tunica media
SM> elastic fibers
vasa vasora
arterioles
thick tunica media
SM> elastic fiberss
directly affect arterial BP
capillary
endothelial layer only
one arythrocyte cell wide
slowest velocity of blood flow
enable gas exchange and metabolite exchange via diffusion
Cap
thick tunica adventitia
venules
veins
thcikest tunica adventitia
some have valves and vasa vasora
veins
cardiac maintains own rhythmicity
cardiac muscle
SA node
pacmaker of heart
autonomic nerve
regulate rate of cardiac impulses
SA nodes–> AV nodes__> bundle o His–> purkinje fibers
cardiac conduction
in sinus rhthym every p wave
followed by QRS complex
yellowish plasma like liquid containing lymphocyte
lymph
absorbed in various tissues through body ; carried through systme of enclosed lymph vessels and drains to venous circulation
lymph
lymph
not pumped through vessel
relies on gravity, valves, skeletal muscles
tissue fluid to circulation
lymph system
lymph system
fat metabolites to ciruclation
lymph system
filter foreign agent in lymph node
lymph system
imunological surveilance against pathogen
drains upper right body
right lymphatic duct
goes to r. subclavian vein
r. lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
drains to left subclavian vein
drains majority of body
bone marrow
thymus
spleen
lymph
lymph vessle
LN
Lymph nodules
lymph system
tonsil appendix
peyer patch of ileum
lymph nodules
small encaps. organ that filter lymph
LN
macrophage and lymphocyte
process lymph in nodal cortical and trabecular sinuses
efferent<
afferent vessels
distributed through body
conc. in ailla, groin, mesentaries, and kneck
LN
ext. capsule of LN
trabeculae extend into cortex and medulla
B cells
germinal nodules
outer cortex
primary nodules
secondary nodules
smal dormant cells
active germinal centers
paracortex
deeper cortex
has T cells
med. cords sep. by med. sinuses
inner medulla
b cells and macrophages
inner medlla
b cell maturation
bone marrow
pluripotent stem cells ; diff into pymphocytes and phagocytes
bone marrow
site of t cell maturation
growsin size from birth to puberty; reduced and replaced with ad. tissue in adulthood
thymus
doesnt contain aff. Lymph vessels
thymus
ext capsule of thymus
trabeculae extend into cortex and medulla
outer cortex of thymus
high conc. of T cells
inner medulla of thymus
thymic corpsucle
and has epithelioreticular cells
largest lymph organ
spleen
doesn’t develop from primitive gut
spleen
develops from mes. cells of mesenchyme if primitive stomach
spleen
site of lymphocte prolif.
scavenging of large antigens and damaged arythrocytes and fetal erthropoiesis
doesnt contain aff. lymphatic lymph vessels.
spleen
ext. capsule of spleen
trabeculae to pulp
splenic nodules with B cells
white pulp
PALS (periarterial lymph sheath
surrounds central art
within white pulp
and has T cells.
red pulp
splenic sinuses separated by splenic cords
erythrocyte
monocyte
lymphoctye
spleen
PIT gland
pea shaped organ in sella turcica of sphenoid bones
master endcrine gland and vital to life
attached to hyp. via infidibulum
PIt gland
provides reg feedback to hyp.
PIT gland
inf and sup hypophyseal art
pit gland
own portal systme
PIT gland
adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Ant vs. post PIT gland
bilobed organ located on anterolat. to upper trachea in ant triangle of kneck
thryoid gland
CT capsule
thyroid gland
numerous sec. follicles surround a gel like colloid
(inactive iodinated thyroglobulin)
thyroid gland
composed of numerous secretory follicles srrounding gel like colloid(inactive iodinated thyroglobulin)
thyroid gland
active cells (thryoid gland) stain basophilic inactive cells stain
acidophilic
T4T3
follicular cells
reg metabolism
T3 and 4
parafollicular cells
calcitonin
lower blood calcium
calcitonin from parafolliucular cells
small ovoid organ arranged in pairs located in thyroid CT
PT gland
own CT capsule
PT gland
from 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch
PT gland
blood CA and PO4
PT gland
sup. cervical ganglion
PT gland
inf and Sup. thyroid arteries
PT glands
small cone shape gland located at back of 3rd ventricle of brain
Pineal gland
reg. sleep wake cycle
and adjusts to sudden changes in day length
pineal gland
contain NT including melatonin
Pineal gland
