Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Specialities > Paeds 8 > Flashcards

Paeds 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What conditions are associated with undescended testes?

A

Prader- Willi Syndrome

Kallmann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the complications of PUV?

A

Renal failure

Dysfunctional bladder

Infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of VUR and how are they investigated?

A

VUR refers to a defect which results in urine flowing back up the ureters and into the kidney.

Primary:
This is a defect at the trigone region where the anti-reflux mechanisms fail.
- abnormally situated ureteric orifice
- Larger than normal orifice

Secondary:
This is when there is not a specific issue with the trigone region but instead a defect elsewhere
- Posterior urethral valves
- Dysfunctional bladder

Investigations:

  • MCUG
  • DMSA scan

Management:

  • correct defect.
  • prophylactic antibiotics
  • anti-cholingerics

Surgical for primary:

  • STING procedure (bulks the opening of the ureter)
  • Valve ablation if PUV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are you’re main differentials in ITP?

A

Henoch-Scholien Purpura

Leukaemia

Meningitis

HUS

DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What the prognosis of minimal change disease?

A

1/3rd fully recover

1/3rd relapse

1/3rd continually relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is rheumatic fever treated?

A

Aspirin

One off dose of IM benzylpenicillin
followed by:
Penicillin V

Steroids can be used for Sydenham’s chorea

Best rest for joint pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the prognosis of Henoch Scholien Purpura?

A

1/3rd relapse

<5% have severe renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is management of ITP?

A

Watch and wait. Avoid NSAIDs and Aspirin
- increases bleeding

If severe:
- Immunoglobulins and steroids

Major bleeding:
- FFP and splenectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the investigations one should do into Henoch scholien to rule out more sinister cause?

A

FBC
- infection

Blood film
- blast cells

Coagulation

  • bleeding disorder
  • infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many children have a re-occurrence of Hencoh Scholien

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the steroid regime for minimal change disease? And what are other aspects of the management?

A

High dose for 8 weeks on a reducing regime

  • Albumin infusion
  • Prophylactic antibiotics
  • diuretics +/- ACE inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the facial features of fragile x-syndrome and what gene is affected?

A

Long face
Large ears
Low set ears
Macrocephaly

FMR1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tests do you want into leukaemia?

A

FBC
Blood film
LDH
Coagulation studies

Xrays:

  • chest x-ray
  • CT staging

Special tests:

  • Bone marrow aspiration with aspiration
  • Lumbar puncture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the poor prognostic factors for ALL?

A

<1 year, >10year
T cell differentiation
WCC >50
BCR ABL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is prognosis of osteosarcoma?

A

75% at 5 years

30% if mets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is treatment of rheumatic fever?

A 
Penicillin V 
One of IM Benzyl-penicillin
Aspirin 
\+/- 
Steroids for chorea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the complications of patent ductus arteriolas?

A

Reduce blood to extremities

  • increased risk of NEC
  • Hypotension
  • Pulmonary congestion
  • heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a regular inhaler called and what can it be used with and what is another inhaler type which is purple?

A

Meter-dosed Inhaler
- can be used with spacer device

Diskus dry powder inhaler
- usually used >8 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is the echocardiogram done in kawasaki disease?

A

Diagnosis, 14 days after and 6-8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes the mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What grades of salter-harris need discussed with ortho?

A

Grade III and IV

- risk of growth disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are you going to manage bronchiolitis?

A

Most cases can be managed in community with:

  • paracetamol
  • hydration

Admit if:
<94% sats
<50% feeds
Apnoea episodes

Management:

  • get nasopharyngeal aspirates to confirm diagnosis to allow seclusion on wards
  • Supportive oxygen if <94%
  • Supportive feeds (try reducing amount and increase frequency first, then move to NG tube)
  • nasal suctioning

**consider X-ray if you suspect hyperinflation or collapse

If more severe:

  • Oxygen 15L mask
  • IV fluids
  • Inform PICU

*Ribavirin can be used for those with underlying conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the prognosis of bronchiolitis?

A

Symptoms usually peak on day 5.

A dry cough is usually left for several weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long does a paediatric femoral fracture take to heal?

A

Age + 1 weeks

Most other fractures 2-3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do you examine a child’s ears nose or throat with croup?

A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What advice would you give parents for croup?

A

Usually worse at night
May worsen before it gets better
Worsening advice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5 year old with abdominal pain and vomiting, differentials:

A 
Acute appendicitis 
Mesenteric Adenitis  
DKA 
UTI 
Male - testicular torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the pain of a hydatid compare to testicular torsion?

A

Slower onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two peaks of testicular torsion?

A

Neonates

Adolescents

30
Q

What is the most common leadpoint for intussecption?

A

No.1 Peyer’s patches

No.2 Meckels

31
Q

What are the risk factors for IBD? and list some investigations:

A 
Family history 
Seronegative athropathies 
Smoking (Crohns) 
Appendicectomy 
HLAB27

Investigations:
Bloods:
- FBC
- CRP/ ESR

Orifices:
- faecal calprotectin

X-rays:

  • CT abdomen
  • MRI abdomen

Special tests:
- Endoscopy/ colonoscopy + biopsy

32
Q

What treatment can be given during a tet spell in tetraology?

A

100% oxygen
Morphine (>3 months)
Beta blockers
Fluid

33
Q

What are the features of Kawasaki disease?

A 
High grade fever >5 days 
Conjunctiva injection 
Bright red cracked lips 
Strawberry tongue 
Cervical lymphadenopathy 
Red palms and soles of feet - later peels
34
Q

What is the line used for SUFE?

A

Line of Klein

35
Q

Outline management of an asthma attack in children?

A 
Sit up right 
O2 oxygen - achieve 94-98% 
- Salbutamol 
- Ipratropium 
- Magnesium sulphate 
3x back to back nebs 
- prednisolone or IV hydrocortisone

If no improvement after first nebuliser then:

  • IV access (VBG needed)
  • consider IV Magnesium
  • contact PICU
36
Q

What is the most common fracture of the elbow and what must be assessed and why?

A

Supracondylar fracture

- often associated with neurovascular damage

37
Q

What are some of the treatment options for a lazy eye?

A

Eye patches
Drops to blurr the good eye
Eye exercises
Surgical intervention

38
Q

What bone fractures would suggest NAI?

A

Metaphysis

Spiral fractures
- limb has been torted

Rib fractures

39
Q

If the mother has chicken pox 5 days before birth or 2 days after what is the risk to the baby?

What is the risk of mother developing chicken pox during pregnancy? (first time exposure)

Outline the management of given VZV immunoglobulin, acyclovir during pregnancy:

A

Neonatal varicella

  • 20% mortality
  • VZV Immunoglobulins should be given

During pregnancy:
- fetal varicella syndrome (learning difficulties, microcephaly)

Exposure and not previous exposed (need to check immune status of mother first)
<20 weeks: Immunoglobulin immediately
>20 weeks: Delayed 7 days immunoglobulins

Confirmed chicken pox:

  • Expert help
  • Aciclovir within 24 hours of onset
40
Q

In a child with chicken pox, how long are they infective for?

A

2 days before rash

until 5 days after rash

41
Q

What is the management of measles and what is the management of measles if an un-immunised child comes into contact with measles?

A

Isolate
Supportive management
Vitamin A
Contact public health

Unimmunised:
- Give MMR vaccine. *works sooner than exposure

42
Q

List some clinical signs of ALL

A 
Pale 
Bone pain 
Lymphadenopathy 
CNS palsies 
Orchidomegaly
43
Q

What scan is used to assess for neuroblastomas?

A

MIBG scan

44
Q

List some late effects of cancer treatment in children:

A

Secondary malignancies
- Hodgkin’s from radiation

Cardiac
- heart failure (chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy)

Endocrine
- delayed growth and puberty

Hearing impairment
- chemotherapy

45
Q

In a bone marrow aspiration what investigations are done?

A

Morphology
- looking for blast cells

Immunophenotyping
- T cell, B cell

Cytogenetic analysis
- looking into the chromosomes

46
Q

In a short child what would reasonable investigations consist of?

A 
FBC
CRP/ ESR 
U&Es 
LFTs
Bone profile 
IGF-1 
Vitamin D

*wirst x-ray
- this will give us a rough age of the child. i.e. if x-ray suggests slightly below the age the actually are then its likely constitutional.
if its very far behind it may be Growth hormone deficiency

*in females karyotyping for Turners syndrome should be considered

47
Q

What is the treatment for GF deficiency?

A

Growth hormone

- often given for Turner’s syndrome

48
Q

What would you expect the bone age to be in precious puberty?

A

Greater than the chronological age

- there is increased sex hormones closing the growth plates

49
Q

How does scabies present, what is the treatment and advice?

A

Delayed Type IV hypersensitivity reaction to mites which lay eggs in the skin.

Presentation:

  • intense pruritus
  • web spaces of fingers is worse
  • extensor surfaces of joints
  • lateral aspect of hands
  • periumbilical area
  • genitals

Treatment:

  • Permethrin cream *left on for 12 hours
  • whole family needs treated
  • all cloths and bedding needs washed at high temp
50
Q

What imaging is required in suspected septic arthritis? and what is the most accurate management of the patient?

A

X-ray of joint
Ultra sound

Management:
- referral to orthopaedic for surgical aspiration and washout
BEFORE starting broad spectrum IV antibiotics

51
Q

Between the ages of 1-5 years old what are the most common organisms to cause septic arthritis?

A

Staph Aureus

H. Influenza

52
Q

Name two risk factors for Leg-Perthes:

A

Low birth weight

Short stature

53
Q

What tests would you want in a child presenting with an abdominal mass that you are suspicious of cancer?

A

Bloods:

  • FBC
  • U&Es
  • LFTs
  • Coagulation
Orifices: 
Urine dipstick (Wilms tumour can can cause haematuria)

Imaging:
US of abdomen
MRI of abdomen
CXR (early mets to lung)

54
Q

What is the first line investigation for pyloric stenosis?

A

Test feed

- this is usually done before US

55
Q

What is a simple screening method that can be done to assess for coarctation of the aorta?

A

Feeling for femoral pulses
and
Four limb BP

56
Q

What immediate management can be done for deterioration of Coarctation of the aorta?

Following surgery for Coarctation of the aorta - what pathology may still exist?

A

Prostaglandin infusion

Hypertension
- can remain despite surgery

57
Q

What can be fitted to allow children to control defecation via an ostomy? how does it work and list some conditions it is used for:

A

Antegrade colonic Enema (ACE)

  • ostomy is made which allows saline to injected into the bowel to stimulate a bowel motion.
  • gives control to the child
  • spinda bifida
  • Quadraplegia
58
Q

What are the clinical features of achrondroplasia?

A 
Normal trunk length 
Short limbs 
Short fingers 
Frontal bossing 
Lumbar lordosis

*associated with hydrocephalus

59
Q

What are ribbon stools associated with?

A

Partially perforated anus

60
Q

Coeliac disease in children:

A

Failure to thrive
Developmental delay
Short stature

  • advised not to introduced wheat at 6 months
  • remember to ask when this was introduced.
61
Q

How does a UTI present in <3 months:

A

Fever
Vomiting
Lethargy
Irritability

62
Q

What are the red flags for UTI in a child?

A
  • Recurrent UTIs
  • Family history of VUR
  • Antenatal diagnosed renal abnormality
  • Constipation
  • Constant dribbling (dysfunctional voiding) *suggests structural abnormality
  • Poor growth
  • Hypertension
  • Spinal/ neuro lesion
63
Q

What is urine collected in?

A

Bottle with Boric Acid

64
Q

What is being looked for in US for a UTI?

A

Horseshoe kidneys
Dysplastic
Cystic

65
Q

What are the causes of nocturnal enuresis:

and what are three things you could do to help?

A

Very deep sleep
Slower physical development

Physical:

  • constipation
  • diabetes
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea

Urinary tract:

  • delayed bladder developed
  • small bladder
  • overactive bladder
  • UTI
  • enuresis alarm
  • Desmopressin
  • Oxybutynin
66
Q

Is tetralogy duct dependent?

A

Yes.

67
Q

What is the most important thing to ask in the history when a baby comes in collapsed?

A

Feeding

Reduction in feeds leading up is suggestive of underlying disease/ pathology

68
Q

When does the baby hold their breath in breath holding episode?

A

During expiration

69
Q

Which fractures are suggestive of NAI?

A

Spiral

Metaphysis fracture

Rib fractures

70
Q

What are the major risk factors for sudden death?

A

Prone sleeping

Hyperthermia

Sleeping in same bed

Smoking within household

Prematurity

Specialities (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions