Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Specialities > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What test can be done to assess if rhinorrhoea is CSF?

A

Beta Transferrin test
or
CT of sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What things do you want to know regarding a neck lump?

A

Site, size, shape, surface

Consistency
Skin changes/ discharge
Fixation

Fluctuance 
Mobility 
Transillumination 
Temperature changes 
Pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What grading scale is used to assess fascial nerve palsy?

A

House Brackmann Grading
I - normal
II - slight weakness on close inspection
III - obvious but not disfiguring
IV - Obvious weakness and disfiguring - incomplete closure of eye
V - Barely perceptible motion. asymmetry at rest
VI - complete paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can be worn to help humify air over a laryngeal stoma?

A

Buchanan Bib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What primary investigations would you want to conduct into a neck mass?

A

Full examination

Ultrasound + FNA/ Core aspiration

CT/ PET scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common benign parotid lump?

A

Pleomorphic Adenoma
- has potential to become malignant

followed by:
Warthin’s (often bilateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What features suggest malignancy in a parotid lump?

A

Pain
Facial nerve palsy
Overlying skin changes
Associated lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a key distinguishing feature between a thyroglossal cyst and a enlarged thyroid?

and what is the surgical procedure done to fix these?

A

The neck lump moves when swallowing or sticking tongue out
*thyroid nodules do not move

Sistrunk’s procedure `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the submandibular gland palpated?

A

Bimanual palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the red flags for head and neck cancer?

A 
Hoarseness for >6 weeks 
Ulceration and swelling of the oral mucosa >3 weeks 
Red and white patches in oral mucosa 
Dysphagia 
Neck masses >3 weeks 
Cranial nerve involvement 
Persistent otalgia with normal otoscopy 
Persistent nasal congestion that is unilateral. especially with discharge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List some differentials for a hoarse voice:

A

Laryngeal cancer

Laryngitis

Prebysphonia - old age

Reinke’s oedema

Vocal cord granulomas

Vocal cord nodules

Muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is stertor?

A

This is a breathing noise made by upper respiratory difficult due to larynx pathology
- very similar to snoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stridor can be broken down into inspiratory, expiratory and biphasic, where does each correspond to in a pathology?

A

Inspiratory:
- larynx

Expiratory:
- tracheobronchial

Biphasic
- Subglottic/ glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What upper airway obstruction can occur in people born before 1992, and how does it present?

A

Supraglottitis

presents with sore throat with normal tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How should a patient with an upper airway obstruction be managed?

A

Oxygen

  • airway manoeuvres
  • airway adjuvants

Senior help immediately

  • Anaesthetist
  • ENT

Nebulised adrenaline - 1:1000mg in 5mls of N saline

IV steroids
- dexamethasone 4mg

+/-

IV antibiotics

Nil by Mouth
- they may need surgery

**do not leave patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what level does a tracheostomy go?

A

3rd and 4th ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In Tonsillitis what is the antibiotic of choice? and why?

also what additional features may suggest the other pathology?

A

Penicillin

  • due to the risk of them also having Glandular fever as well (secondary bacterial infection on top of the EBV)
  • avoid amoxicillin due to the rash
  • white exudate over the tonsils
  • lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly (jaundiced?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a peritonsillar abscess called? and what is a key symptoms associated with this? and how is it treated?

A

Quinsy

Trismus - decreased mouth opening
Often the uvula will be deviated.

Drained 
- aspiration under LA
IV antibiotics 
IV steroids 
\+/- 
Tonsillectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does a parapharyngeal abscess present?

A

Sore throat
Reduced neck turning ability
systemically unwell
*typically in children

IV antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does a retropharyngeal abscess present?

A

Sore throat - especially on neck movement
Swinging fever
Relatively well patient
Usually in children

  • CT scan is needed for definitive diagnosis
  • can cause severe airway obstruction in some conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some of the complications of otitis media?

Study These Flashcards
A

Intracranial abscess formation

  • seizure
  • confusion
  • need neurosurgical review and imaging (CT)

Facial palsy

Mastoiditis 
- usually in children 
- IV Antibiotics 
\+/- 
- Surgery (so keep them NBM)

Meningitis

22
Q

What is a major complications of a URTI which causes visual changes to the eye, and how is it managed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Orbital cellulitis

  • eye proptosis
  • red swollen eye
  • visual defects

**must check red vision

  • IV antibiotics
  • NBM
    +/- Surgery
23
Q

In facial palsy - when should antivirals NOT be given?

Study These Flashcards
A

If no vesicles are seen then antivirals should not be given.
this is because they can actually make it worse

*look around the mouth and ear for these vesicles

24
Q

In traumatic facial palsy what is an important thing to document?

Study These Flashcards
A

Onset of timing.

Sudden onset: suggests transection

Gradual onset: suggests oedema

25
What is one of the first things that should be checked before carrying out the Halmaygi head thrust test?
If the patient has any pain or neck problems
26
What are some of the complications of tonsillitis?
Otitis media Quinsy - peritonsillar abscess Rheumatic fever Glomerulonephritis PANDAS in children
27
What clinical features of GORD causing laryngeal- pharyngeal reflux may be seen?
Posterior Commissure Oedema Cobble stoning of posterior pharyngeal wall
28
Give some differentials for tinnitus:
Idiopathic Drugs - Salicylate - Quinine Noise induced Meniere's disease (part of prodrome) Otosclerosis Vestibular schwannoma
29
How can vestibular neuronitis be differentiated from labyrinthitis? and what is the treatment for severe episodes of vertigo?
There is no hearing loss or tinnitus Prochlorperazine
30
What condition is exacerbated by pregnancy leading to increased conductive hearing loss:
Otosclerosis
31
If a person has suspected otitis externa but symptoms progress despite topical antibiotics - what should be done next and why? and which organism is most associated with this condition?
Referral to ENT Suggestive of necrotising otitis externa (malignant otitis externa) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
Which drugs are highly associated with tinnitus?
NSAIDs Aminoglycosides Loop diuretics Quinine
33
What set of tests can be conducted to help establish if the cause of vertigo is due to a posterior circulatory stroke or a peripheral cause?
HINTs examination - Head Impulse test (Positive is suggestive of peripheral i.e. abnormal is good) - Nystagmus assessment (vertical, long duration suggests central) - Skew Eye test (cover of one eye which then bounces back, deviation suggests central cause)
34
What features suggest a bacterial cause of pharyngitis and tonsilitis? and what scoring system can be used to help establish this?
Fever >38 Exudate present No cough Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy Centor Score - <2 points make it unlikely to be bacterial >3 points suggest bacterial
35
What is the name given to a peritonsillar abscess? and how is it treated?
Quinsy Incision and IV antibiotics
36
What is a complication following allergic rhinitis following the use of nasal decongestants?
Rhinitis Medicamentosa rebound hypertropy of the mucosa with use of nasal decongestants, especially Xylometazoline they should not be used for more than 7 days. After 10 days is average start of the medicamentosa
37
What are the major risk factors for head and neck cancer?
``` Smoking Alcohol HPV - 16,18 Nitrosamines EBV ```
38
What are some premalignant conditions of head and neck cancer?
Leukoplakia Erythroplakia Oral lichen planus Actinic cheilitis
39
How does Oral-pharyngeal cancer present?
``` Odynophagia Dysphagia Stretor Otalgia Neck pain/ lump ```
40
How does laryngeal cancer present and what are the subtypes?
Supraglottis Glottis Hypoglottis ``` Hoarse voice Stridor Persistent cough Dysphagia Otalgia Neck lump/ pain ```
41
What investigations should be done into suspected head and neck cancer?
Flexible Nasal endoscopy - this includes larynx FNA aspiration of lesion - including lymph nodes MRI/ CT scan
42
What are the treatment options for head, neck and mouth cancer?
General: - Radiotherapy - Surgical resection / Transoral laser therapy - Chemotherapy Oral: - Wide local Excision +/- Neck dissection ``` Oropharynx: - Laser - Transoral robotic surgery +/- - neck resection ``` ``` Larynx: - Transoral laser surgery - Laryngectomy +/- - neck dissection ```
43
List some congenital causes of neck lumps and distinguishing features:
Carotid body tumour - carotid paragangliomas - pulsating neck lump - bruit Branchial cyst: - Anterior to SCM - Compressional symptoms Cystic Hygroma: - Axilla/ Posterior - Transillumination Infantile Haemangioma;
44
What is the diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers done for BPPV?
Dix- Hallpike Maneuver - diagnostic Epley maneuver - treatment
45
What does trismus mean?
Jaw locking
46
What is the management of Meiner's disease?
Conservative: - reduce salt intake - reduce caffeine - reduce cheese intake Acute attacks - Prochlorperazine Betahistine - vasodilator to improve endolymph
47
What conditions should be suspected if there is referred ear pain, how do you know its referred and what nerves are involved?
If external ear and ear drum are normal the pain is not from the ear. Parotid/ TMJ/ upper molar teeth - Cranial nerve V Ramsay Hunt syndrome - Cranial nerve VII Malignancy of 1/3 posterior tongue, piriform, larynx, nasopharynx - cranial IX, X
48
List some LMN causes of facial palsy?
Bell's palsy Acute otitis media Cholesteatoma Viral infection - HSV-1 - CMV - EBV
49
What are the symptoms of otosclerosis?
``` Onset 20-40 years old Conductive hearing loss Tinnitus Normal tympanic membrane AD family history ```
50
Where is a nosebleed most likely to occur?
Keisselbach area/ Littel area | - anterior of the nose

Specialities (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions