Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Specialities > Paeds 7 > Flashcards

Paeds 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How should blood pressure be measured in a child and name some causes of hypertension in a child/ neonate:

A

Measurement taken with a cuff that is 75% the width of the arm

Neonate:

  • renal hypo dysplasia
  • Polycystic kidney disease
  • Coarctation
  • Chronic lung disease
  • intracranial hypertension

Children:

  • renal disease
  • Wilm’s tumour
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Mineralocorticoid excess
  • Raised ICP

*drug related for both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are hypertrophy of the adenoids associated with?

A

Snoring

Green rhinorrhoea

Sleep apnoea

COM with effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of sleep apnea?

A

Enlarged adenoids which may also cause COM with effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the point of the newborn baby checks?

A

To assess for any abnormalities and refer if needed

Reassure family and check for normality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some structural abnormalities on a new-born baby test which could be found?

A

DDH
Craniosyntosis
Birthing injuries - Erb’s palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name some things the Guthrie heel prick test examines and how:

A 
CF
Sickle cell 
Congenital hypothyroidism 
PKU 
Maple syrup urine disease 
MCADD

CF: immunoreactive trypsinogen
Thyroid: TFTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the treatment for Meconium aspiration syndrome?

A

Surfactant ventilation (meconium shuts off surfactant production)

Inhaled nitro oxide

IV antibiotics

*it is a diagnosis of exclusion and is associated with post-term labour and Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In a newborn with jaundice - what things do you want to test for?

A

Sepsis
Coomb’s test
Haemoglobinopathies testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What investigations are done into biliary atresia?

A

Abdominal US
- absence of ducts

HIDA scan
- shows that bilirubin is taken up by the liver but no excreted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the surgical procedure for biliary atresia and what are some complications?

A

Kasia - Porto - enterostomy

Complications :

  • ascending cholangitis
  • liver cirrhosis

*20% need a liver transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is oesophageal atresia’s usually associated with?

A

Usually associated with Tracheo-ospheageal fistulas
*more common in Down’s syndrome

there is also often other defects which include:

  • Cardiac
  • renal
  • ano-rectal
  • limb defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What may be a cause of facecloth matter in the urine in a newborn? what is the treatment and investigations?

A

Ano-rectal malformation with fistula

Imperforated anus is usually picked up on baby checks. but may present with:

  • bowel obstruction
  • bilious vomiting

Abdominal x-ray is needed

Treatment:

  • nil by mouth
  • NG tube
  • surgical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is Gastroschisis management?

A

NG tube
IV fluids
IV antibiotics
TPN

Primary closure
or
Preformed silo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is and How is omphalocele managed?

A

Midline defect. it is a umbilical hernia which has allowed the abdominal contents t leak out.

Minor (contains small amount of gut)
- surgically and discharged 48 hours later

Major:

  • dressing to allow keratinisation
  • surgically repaired potentially years down the line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is duodenal atresia highly associated with and what is the x-ray finding?

A

30% of cases associated with Down’s syndrome

*double bubble sign seen on x-ray

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In terms of the red flags for a fever in a child - what are they and what is your next set of actions?

A

Pale/ Mottled/ Blue appearance

Non- responsive to cues
Appears ill to professional
Does not wake if aroused
Weak or high pitched cry

Grunting
RR>60

Reduced skin turgor

Age < 3 months 
Non-blanching rash 
bulging fontanelle 
Neck stiffness 
Status 
Focal neurological or seizures

**any child scoring these should be admitted and worked up for sepsis

17
Q

Paediatric sepsis:

A

Proven infection + 2 of the following:

  • Fever <36 or >38
  • Tachycardia for their age
  • Altered GCS
  • Reduced peripheral perfusion
  1. High flow oxygen
  2. Bloods (blood cultures, lactate, glucose)
  3. IV or IO antibiotics
  4. 20ml/kg fluid over 5-10mins
  5. Early inotropic support (adrenaline)
  6. Involve senior clinicians early (PICU if inotropes started)
18
Q

List the four name investigations warranted into henoch schonlein purpura and what are some complications?

A

Bloods:

  • FBC
  • U&Es (kidney function)
  • Coagulation (rule out coagulopathies)
  • Albumin
  • complement levels

Orifices:
- urine dip

Complications:

  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Arthropathy
  • pancreatitis
  • Intussuception
  • Orchitis
19
Q

What is the treatment for Phenylalanine?

A

Autosomal recessive condition

Treatment:

  • Low pheylalanine diet + amino acid supplementation
  • remember it is an essential amino acid
20
Q

Outline the main causes of a short stature in a child and what are the most useful tools available to help establish if something is pathological?

A
  • useful tools:
  • mid parental height
  • Growth charts

Dysmorphic features:

  • Down’s syndrome
  • Turner’s
  • Noonans

Abnormal upper to lower body ratio:

  • Achondroplasia
  • Spinal defects
  • Rickets

Normal upper to lower body ratio:

  • constitionally small
  • SGA without catch up
  • chronic disease
  • malnourishment

Normal upper to lower body ratio but an abnormal weight to height:

  • hypothyroidism
  • cushing’s disease
  • Growth hormone defects
21
Q

What are the causes of hypoglycaemia in a child and list some important investigations to conduct:

A

Endocrine:

  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Hypopituitarism
  • Insulin therapy

Metabolic:

  • Glycogen storage disease
  • MCADD

Poisoning:

  • Salicylates
  • Insulin

Systemic disease:

  • sepsis
  • Liver disease
Important investigations: 
Bloods: 
- Glucose 
- ABG (if severe lactic acidosis through anaerobic respiration can take place) 
- ketones
  • LFTs (metabolic disease)
  • Insulin C-peptide
  • Cortisol levels (adrenal hyperplasia)
  • Free fatty acid workup (MCADD)
22
Q

What is the bolus given to a child with severe hypoglycaemia?

A

2ml/kg bolus of dextrose 10%

*remember to place them on infusion following this.
IM glucagon can be given as well

23
Q

What is a differential for a seizure where child becomes pale and limp then develops Clonic movement, followed by recovery: list some investigations that should be conducted:

A

Reflexic Anoxic Seizures

Investigations:

  • EEG
  • ECG (long QT)
  • Glucose
24
Q

List some places on the body that would raise suspicion for NAI:

A

Cheeks - may leave petechia marks between fingers from a slap

Ears

Forearms
- raised for defence

Chest/ Abdomen

Genitals

Inner thighs

Soles of feet

25
Q

What are the clinical findings of someone with tubal sclerosis and what investigations should be undertaken in them?

A

ASHLEAFS

  • Ashgreen spots (fluoresce under UV light)
  • Shagreen spots
  • Heart rhabomyosarcoma
  • Lung/ eye hartomas
  • Epilepsy/ learning difficulites
  • Angiolipomyomas / cysts of the kidney
  • Facial angiofibrosis
  • Subungunal angiofibrosis

Investigations:

  • Head MRI
  • EEG
  • Abdominal MRI
  • Ophthalmology examination
26
Q

What chromosomes are implicated in NF-1 and NF-2?

A

NF - 1
- chromosome 17

NF-2:

  • chromosome 22
  • more associated with hearing loss and intracranial tumours
27
Q

What is Struge-Weber Syndrome?

A

Sporadic vascular disease associated with:
- Port wine stain across V1 distribution

  • Leptomeningeal angiomas on the pia matter - causes seizures. Usually con-lateral side
  • Abnormal eye vessels causing glaucoma

Investigations:
- MRI

Management:

  • seizure control
  • Glaucoma control
28
Q

What are some of the features that suggest there is an underlying pathology to a child’s short stature?

A

Dysmorphic features

Movement away from mid-parental height

Signs of chronic disease

Poor height velocity

29
Q

What investigations should be conducted into a short child?

A

*investigations are guided by symptoms and likely underlying causes i.e. if dysmorphic features then genetic testing.

General test:

Bloods:

  • FBC
  • U&Es
  • TFTs
  • LFTs
  • Coeliac screen

Orifices:
- faecal calprotectin

X-rays:
- Wrist for bone age

30
Q

What two things may cause Henock Schonlein syndrome?

A

URTI

Vaccinations

31
Q

What examinations and investigations should be done into precious puberty?

A

Examination:

  • Assess genitals in males (testicular size using orchidometer)
  • assess skin for any cafe-au-lait spots (McCune- Albright Syndrome)
  • Hypothyroidism/ Cushing’s screening

Investigations:

Bloods:

  • LH, FSH (raised suggests central cause)
  • TFTs
  • 17-hydroxyprogesterone (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

X-rays:

  • wrist x-ray
  • MRI head
  • Testicular or pelvic US

Specialities (63 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions