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Specialities > Paediatrics MSK and Congenital heart > Flashcards

Paediatrics MSK and Congenital heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of hip pain in children?

A

Transient synovitis

Development dysplasia of the hip

Legg- Perthes disease

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

JIA

Septic athritis

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2
Q

What are the different types of Talipes that can come about, and what is the treatment?

A

Talipes:

  • Equinovarus
  • Calcaneovulgas

Treatment:

  • Ponseti methods
  • Surgery

*oligohydramnios is associated with this

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3
Q

What is a key clinical finding of someone with osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Blue sclera

*most are autosomal dominant

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4
Q

What type of murmur is heard with VSD?

A

pansytolic murmur

- usually grade 3-6

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5
Q

What murmur is usually heard in ASD?

A

Ejection systolic Murmur over the pulmonary area

- fixed splitting of S2 sound

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6
Q

What is meant by fixed splitting?

A

A2 and P2 usually split during inspiration due to increased volume in the right side. There is usually no splitting during expiration.

In fixed splitting there is a constant split

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7
Q

List some clinical signs of ASD:

A

Soft mid systolic murmur
- heard in pulmonary area

Fixed splitting of S2 sound

Signs of congestive heart failure

Harrison’s grooves

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8
Q

What pulses are checked in a paediatric examination?

A

Brachial and femoral

*not radial

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9
Q

What congenital condition is highly associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Turner’s syndrome

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10
Q

What are the typical clinical findings of a child with co-arctation of the aorta?

A

Differential blood pressure in arm to leg

Absent/ weak/ delayed femoral pulses.

Radio-femoral delay

Ventricular heave

Breathless

Floppy baby

Murmur
- if present it will be a ejection systolic due to aortic stenosis
or
- systolic murmur heard best between the shoulder blades

X-ray
- rib notching

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11
Q

What investgiations do you want to do into suspected acyanotic heart disease/

A 
Echocardiogram 
ECG 
X-ray 
Oxygen saturation 
4 limb BP
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12
Q

What are some of the signs a child may have a cyanotic heart disease?

A

Blue hue/ blue appearance to them
- cyanosis

Poor feeding

Murmurs

Finger clubbing
- 6 months on

Hypoxic spells
- “TET spells”

Polycaethemia

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease and what are its features?

A

Tetralogy of fallot

  • Large SVD
  • Overriding aorta
  • Pulmonary stenosis causing RV obstruction
  • RV hypertrophy
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14
Q

What are some of the major risk factors for tetralogy of fallot?

A 
Rubella 
Maternal age >40 
Family history 
DiGeorge syndrome and Edwards 
Maternal diabetes 
Alcohol abuse during pregnancy
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15
Q

What findings may be seen on a child with tetralogy of fallot?

A

Cyanosis signs

Ejection systolic murmur
- due to pulmonary stenosis

Loud single S2
- only the aortic might close as the stenosis may be severe enough to affect the pulmonary valve

Palpable thrill over the right ventricle

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16
Q

What sign is seen on x-ray of a child with tetralogy of fallot?

A

Boot shaped heart

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17
Q

In tetralogy of fallot a child may experience a Tet/ Hypoxic spell. What causes these and what maneuver can be done to elevate the hypoxia?

A

Brought on by:

  • crying
  • fever

Putting child in squatting position (knees to chest) and giving small amount of morphine to slow breathing

if this doesn’t work:

  • 100% oxygen
  • Beta blockers
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18
Q

What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular septal defect

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19
Q

What are some clinical findings of a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Continual machinery murmur heard midway below the left clavicle

Wide pulse pressure - as blood flows back through the duct during diastole

Bounding femoral pulse

**potentially cyanotic lower limbs if pulmonary hypertension occurs, which causes deoxygenated blood to flow out and into the aorta as it starts to descend.

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20
Q

What is the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Stable:
- Ibuprofen/ NSAIDs - to close the duct

Unstable:
- surgically ligation - scar over the lateral aspect of the chest

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21
Q

What murmur is most likley to be heard in tetralogy of fallot and why?

A

Hard systolic ejection murmur in the pulmonary area

- due to high pressure needed to overcome the pulmonary circulation

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22
Q

What classification system is used to assess fractures? of the growth plate

A 
Salter Harris Classification system 
I - straight across
II - above 
III - below 
IIII - through 
IV - Crush
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23
Q

What fractures occur in children but no adults?

A

Buckle fractures
Plastic fractures
Greenstick fractures

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24
Q

What are the features of an innocent murmur?

A 
Asymptomatic 
No thrill or heave 
Soft systolic 
Varies with position 
Localised to one area
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25
Q

What congenital heart condition is associated with use of lithium during pregnancy? and what symptoms will you see?

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

Where the tricuspid leaflets are displaced.

  • pansystolic murmur due to tricupsid regurgitation
  • mid - diastolic murmur due to tricupsid stenosis
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26
Q

Which cardiogenic abnormalities are cyanotic?

A
  • Tetralogy of fallot
  • Transposition of the great vessels
  • Pulmonary atresia
  • Tricuspid atresia
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27
Q

What does PANDAS stand for and what disease can it commonly be associated with?

A

Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections

Rheuamatic fever

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28
Q

What are the managements for a patent ductus arteriosus and Where would you find a scar following a patent ductus ligation?

A

Ibuprofen
or
Indomethacin

Surgery scar:
- Around the ribs laterally

Or closed via catheter

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29
Q

In tetralogy of fallot if putting the baby into the squatting position to help with cyanotic episodes does not work, what additional things can be done in hospital?

A

Oxygen
- 100%

Morphine
- slow breathing rate

Fluid bolus

Beta blockers

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30
Q

What are the signs of a innocent murmur?

A

7 S’s

Systolic 
Soft - Max 1-2 grade 
Sensitive - change with position 
Small - do not radiate 
Sweet - not harsh 
Short - no crescendo decrescendo 
Single
31
Q

Which murmur will be systolic and radiate to the back?

A

Pulmonary stenosis

32
Q

When taking a history of congenital cardiovascular disease, what history of relatives with congenital cardiovascular disease is relevent?

A

1st degree
or
>1 non-1st degree relative

33
Q

List the congenital conditions and the most associated cardiac pathology, in order:

A

Down Syndrome:

  • VSD
  • AVSD

Turner Syndrome:

  • Coarctation of aorta
  • Bifleaflet aortic valve

Edward’s syndrome

  • ASD
  • VSD

DiGeorge’s syndrome

  • Transposition of the great vessels
  • Tetralogy of Fallot

Noonan syndrome

  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • pulmonary stenosis
34
Q

Which syndromes commonly have swollen hands and feets, and what is causing it?

A

Down’s syndrome
Noonan’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome

*lymphatics not cardiac related

35
Q

At which grade of murmur is a thrill palpable?

A

Grade 4

36
Q

Why is blood pressure taking on the right side?

A

Incase of coarctation of the arota?

37
Q

How does transposition of the great vessels present in a child?

A

No murmur
Large single S2 sound
Right sided ventricular heave

38
Q

In an MSK assessment of a child, what are the main things you must be concerned about:

A

TIM:

Tumours
Trauma

Infection
Inflammation

Mechanical
Muscle disease
Metabolic disease

39
Q

What is the sign called when a child uses their hands to push up off their limbs?

A

Gower’s sign

40
Q

What is the number one sign seen in a neonate with septic arthritis of the hip?

A

Pseudo-paralysis.

Septic arthritis until proven otherwise.

41
Q

What features help to distinguish between synovitis of the hip and septic arthritis?

A

Pyrexia
Inability to bear weight
A raised ESR
High WBC

42
Q

Highlight come key features of kawasaki disease:

A 
Persistent high fever 
Red palms 
Conjunctivitis 
Strawberry tongue 
Lymphadenopathy 
High platelet count
43
Q

What are the features of a deformity which suggest it is a normal variant and does not require further follow up?

A

5 S’s

Symmetrical deformity 
no Symptoms 
no Systemic signs 
no Skeletal dysplasia 
no Stiffness

Examples:

  • in- toeing
  • out toeing
  • knock knees
44
Q

What are the causes of a patent ductus arteriosus and what is the murmur heard with it and name some management strategies:

A

Prematurity
Rubella

Continuous murmur subclavicular left clavicle

Management:

  • NSAIDs
  • Surgical ligation
45
Q

What would you expect the FBC to be in tetralogy of fallot?

A

Polycythemia

46
Q

What signs and symptoms would you expect to see in a child with DDH:

A

Neonate:
- Barlow and Ortolani tests

> 3 months:

  • Poor abduction
  • limb length discrepancies

> 1 year/ walking

  • painless limb
  • toe walking on affected side
  • uneven skin folds
  • Trendelenburg gait (weak abductors)
  • scoliosis
  • lordosis
47
Q

What should one consider in children with suspected slipped upper femoral epiphysis who present out with normal age brackets.
additionally, what investigations should be carried out routinely?
What is the treatment?

A

Slipped upper femoral epiphyseal is associated with:
- hypothyroidism
- pan-hypopituitaism
- renal disease.
this is especially true when a child is outwith typical age brackets

Investigations:

  • x-ray - AP and frog leg
  • if inconclusive then MRI
Treatment: 
- Cannulated screws to fix the plate 
or 
- corrective osteotomy 
*note usually bilaterally this is done
48
Q

Give some differentials for Slipped upper femoral epiphyseal:

A

Hip fracture

Transient synovitis

Perthes disease

Osteomyelitis

49
Q

What is the position of a slipped upper femoral epiphyseal?

A

Inferior and posterior

50
Q

When should surgery for VSD done by and what is the major complication that can occur with this defect?

A

Surgery should be done by 12 months

Complication:
- Eisenmenger’s syndrome

51
Q

What is the medical management of a VSD?

A

Dietician
- extra calories
(high energy and reduced feeding causes faltering growth)

Diuretics + ACE inhibitors

52
Q

What signs suggest growing pains instead of something sinister?

A 
Never present at start of day 
Bilateral 
Worse after long day of activity 
No limp 
No systemic features 
Normal miltestones
53
Q

What are the symptoms and clinical findings of Leg-Perthes?

A

Limping pain

Groin pain
- which radiates to ipsilateral knee

Findings:

  • antalgic gait
  • Trendelenburg sign (weak glutes)
  • limited ROM - especially of internal rotation
  • Muscle wasting
  • LLD if severe
54
Q

What are some x-ray findings you may see with Leg-Perthes and what are the treatment options?

A

X-ray:

  • collapsing and flattening of the femoral head
  • widening of joint
Treatment: 
<5 years old/ moderate disease: 
- non-weight baring 
- NSAIDs 
- Physiotherapy

> 5 years old/ severe:

  • Surgical (Varus osteotomy/ hip replacement)
  • casts to hold hip into shape
55
Q

Highlight the differences between transient synovitis and septic arthritis:

A

Transient synovitis:

  • More common
  • able to weight bare
  • no pyrexia or minimal
  • normal inflammatory markers
  • No pus or cultures grown in joint capsule
  • NSAIDs help

Septic:

  • Less common
  • unable to weight bare
  • Moderate to severe pain even at rest
  • pyrexia
  • inflammatory markers elevated
  • Positive aspiration with pus
  • IV antibiotics
56
Q

When does tetralogy usually present?

A

2 months

57
Q

When should surgery for tetralogy be done by?

A

6 months

58
Q

What is the life saving surgery done for transposition of the great vessels and what is the definitive surgery?

A

Life saving surgery:
- Balloon atrial Septostomy (creates a AVD to allow blood mixing)

Definitive:
- Atrial switch procedure

59
Q

When does symptoms of transposition of the great vessels occur?

A

usually occurs several hours after birth once the ductus arterioles has shut

60
Q

Why is it so important to pick up left to right shuts (Acyanotic) defects?

A

Eisenmenger syndrome can occur within 10-15 yeas which is irreversible and causes death

61
Q

In terms of co-arctation what simple test using the sats probe can be done to help guide the diagnosis?

A

Place two probes on. One on right arm and another on the legs The leg will read lower as it receives blood through ductus

62
Q

What are the risk factors for bone tumours?

A

Retinoblastoma

Previous radiotherapy treatment

Tubosclerosis

Li - Fraumeni syndrome
- osteosarcoma

63
Q

What is the investigations into bone tumours and what is definitive daignosis and what is the treatment?

A

X-ray

MRI imaging of the tumour for greater details

CT Chest/Abdo/Pelvis
*check lungs

Biopsy is needed

**note that all of this should be discussed at MDT before making any decisions given that biopsies may make some cancers worse

Treatment:

  • Aggressive resection with margins
  • Chemotherapy
64
Q

What are the features of a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Continues machinary murmur
- heard best below left clavicle

Large pulse pressure
- drop as blood moves into pulmonary circulation

Bounding pulse

Heaving apex

*indomethacin can be used to fix it

65
Q

How are ASDs fixed?

A

Transcather for secundum defects

Surgical repair for primum or secundum

66
Q

What is the medical and surgical management for transposition of the great arteries?

A

Medical:
- Prostaglandin to maintain ductus arteriosus

Surgical:
Before definitive surgery: Intra-arterial Balloon Septostomy
- arterial switch

67
Q

What investigations are needed to confirm SUFE and what is the corrective surgery for the SUFE?

A

Pelvic x-rays:

  • AP
  • Frog leg

Surgical fixation
- Cannulated screw through the epiphysis

68
Q

When is the surgery for tetralogy carried out?

A

6 months

69
Q

How is transposition of the great arteries managed before surgery and when is surgery done by?

A

Prostaglandin infusion to keep PDA patent

Arterial Balloon Septostomy

*3 weeks the arterial switch is performed.

70
Q

What congenital heart defect is Fontan circulation associated with and how does it work?

A

Associated with Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia and hypoplastic left heart syndrome
*these are all essentially univentricular circulations (relying solely on one ventricle to pump blood around the body)

The fontan circulation looks to plug the venous return directly into the lungs and by-pass the right side of the heart.
*means the left ventricle has to pump blood all round the body and into the lungs

71
Q

What other operation can be done for transposition other than an arterial switch?

A

Baffle operation

72
Q

Where do you find the septum ostium primum?

A

Near the ventricle

73
Q

What is the long term complication of ASD?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Heart failure

Stroke

Arrhythmias

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