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Musculoskeletal > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is genu valgam?

A

Knock knees

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2
Q

Do insoles help in genu valgam?

A

No

genu valgam is knock knees

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3
Q

Which gender does anterior knee pain affect more?

A

Females

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4
Q

Where is the tenderness in anterior knee pain?

A

Patellar

Worse with stairs/squats

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5
Q

What investigation would you use for anterior knee pain?

A

X-ray

The pain may often be because of hip

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6
Q

Where is maximal tenderness at knee in anterior knee pain?

A 
Superior pole patella
Inferior pole patella
Tibial tuberosity
Retropatella
Joint Line
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7
Q

Although curly toes generally resolve, which surgical procedure could you perform?

A

Tenotomy

-No splints

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8
Q

Which toes are commonly affected in curly toes?

A

3rd/4th toes

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9
Q

What age do children begin to run? And climb stairs using 2 feet?

A

2 years

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10
Q

By what age have children established an adult gait pattern?

A

8 years

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11
Q

Congenital orthopaedic conditions?

A

Club foot (CTEV)
Skeletal dysplasias
CVT (congenital vertical talus)
NF

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12
Q

What is CVT?

A

Congenital vertical talus

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13
Q

Neuromuscular orthopaedic conditions

A 
CP (non walking)
CP (walking)
Tip toe walking
DMD
Cavus foot
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14
Q

What is postural talipes?

A

Positional talipes is a common condition caused by some tightness in the muscles around the ankle and the position the baby was in whilst in the womb. It is not caused by problems with the bones in their foot and will not cause any problems with walking

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15
Q

CTEV

A

Congenital talipes equinovarus (club foot)
Congenital talipes equinovarus is a common congenital orthopaedic condition. It is characterised by an excessively turned in foot (equinovarus) and high medial longitudinal arch (cavus)

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16
Q

National Institute for Health NF1

A 
6 or more cafe au lait spots (pigmented birth marks)
>5mm pre puberty
>15 post puberty
2 or more Neurofibromas or 1 PFN
Axillary/groin freckling
2 or more Lisch nodules
Pseudarthrosis or thinning
Kyphoscoliosis or sphenoid dysplasia
1st degree relative
Known genetic mutation 17q11.2
17
Q

What is neurofibromatosis?

A

Neurofibromatoses are genetic disorders that cause tumours to grow in the nervous system.
These produce abnormalities like skin changes and bone disorders

18
Q

Pseudoarthrosis

A

A bone fracture that has no chance of mending without medical intervention

19
Q

Known genetic mutation in NF1

A

17q11.2

20
Q

Stature in skeletal dysplasia in relation to SD

A

Short stature <2SD

21
Q

Gene involved in skeletal dysplasia?

A

FGFR3

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

22
Q

Genu varum

A

Bow legs

23
Q

Trident hand

A

Hand short with stubby fingers

24
Q

Achondroplasia method of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominant

25
Q

Tumour-like conditions

A

Diaphyseal Aclasia/MHE
Ollier’s Disease
Fibrous Dysplasia
Trevor’s Disease

26
Q

Diaphyseal Achalasia / MHE

A

Multiple osteochondromas throughout the spine

27
Q

Ollier’s Disease

A

Multiple enchondromas

28
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

A persisting qualitative motor disorder appearing before the age of three years, due to non progressive damage to the encephalon occurring before the growth of the central nervous system is complete

29
Q

Where does botox work?

A

Where the motor neuron enters the muscle

30
Q

Where do benzodiazepines and baclofen work?

A

At the synapse

31
Q

Why could you use a selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy?

A

A rhizotomy (/raɪˈzɒtɵmi/ ry-zot-ə-mee) refers to a neurosurgical procedure that selectively destroys problematic nerve roots in the spinal cord, most often to relieve the symptoms of neuromuscular conditions such as spastic diplegia and other forms of spastic cerebral palsy

32
Q

Positive Features of UMN syndrome

A 
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Clonus
Co-contraction
(neural)
33
Q

Negative features of UMN syndrome

A 
Weakness
Fatiguability
Poor balance 
Sensory deficit
(mechanical)
34
Q

The child at risk in cerebral palsy

A

higherGMFCS
The higher the risk of dislocation
Prevention programme to prevent hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy!

35
Q

Treatment for walking cerebral palsy

A 
GMFCS 1-III
Botox A
Orthotics
Physio
Surgery
36
Q

Tiptoe walking

A 
Usually idiopathic 
Common before 3 years
Physio/observation
Splinting/casting
Botox
Surgery
37
Q

DMD

A 
X linked recessive
Boys (1 in 3,600)
Present 2-5 years
Dystrophin gene
Progressive
Gower’s / CPK
38
Q

Cavus feet

A

High arch

Musculoskeletal (44 decks)

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