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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the hip fibrous capsule attach inferiorly?

A

The intertrochanteric line

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2
Q

Where does eversion and inversion of the foot occur?

A

At the subtalar and midtarsal joints

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3
Q

Where do the quadriceps insert?

A

The tibial tuberosity

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4
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

The femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

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5
Q

Iliopsoas?

A

Iliacus and psoas major

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6
Q

The muscles in which compartment of the thigh are responsible for adduction of the hip?

A

Muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh

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7
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

The obturator nerve

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8
Q

Which nerves make up the femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

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9
Q

Which nerves make up the obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

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10
Q

Which nerves make up the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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11
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

The superficial fibular (branch of sciatic

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12
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

The deep fibular

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

The tibial nerve

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14
Q

What doe the gluteus maximus do?

A

Extension of the hip

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15
Q

What do the gluteus medias and gluteus minimus do?

A

External rotators of the hip

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16
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

Main nerve of the perineum

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17
Q

Nerve responsible for sensory over the back of the thigh?

A

Posterior cutaneous nerve (next to sciatic nerve)

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18
Q

Nerve supply to the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Tibial nerve

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19
Q

L1/L2 myotome

A

hip flexion

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20
Q

L3/4 myotome

A

knee extension

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21
Q

L5

A

foot dorsiflexion and EHL

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22
Q

S1/S2

A

ankle plantarfelxion

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23
Q

Blood supply to the femoral head

A
  • Intramedullary artery of shaft of femur
  • Medial & lateral circumflex branches of profunda femoris
  • Artery of ligamentum teres
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24
Q

Purpose of the facet joints

A

Provide stability whilst allowing movement

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25
Q

Which bone has the dens process?

A

C2

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26
Q

Name the vertebrae with no body?

A

C1

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27
Q

Name the ligaments you would find in the spine

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Supraspinatus ligament
  • Infraspinatous ligament
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28
Q

Origin of the trapezius?

A

Spinous processes (–> T12)

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29
Q

Insertion of the trapezius?

A

Occiput and spine of scapula

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30
Q

Nerve supply of the trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve (CNXI)

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31
Q

Function of the trapezius?

A

Elevates and depresses scapula

Retracts scapula

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32
Q

Origin of latissiumus dorsi?

A

Spinous processes and pelvis

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33
Q

Insertion of latissiumus dorsi?

A

Humerus

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34
Q

Function of latissimus dorsi?

A

Adducts
Extends
Internal rotation of humerus

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35
Q

Nerve supply to latissimus dorsi?

A

C6/C7/C8

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36
Q

Origin of the Rhomboid minor?

A

Spinous processes C7/T1

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37
Q

Origin of the Rhomboid major?

A

Spinous processes T2-T5

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38
Q

Insertion of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

Scapula

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39
Q

Innervation of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

Dorsal scapula nerve (C3/C4)

40
Q

Function of rhomboid major and minor?

A

Keeps scapula against thoracic wall

Retracts scapula

41
Q

Origin of levatus scapularis?

A

Transverse process of C1

42
Q

Insertion of levator scapularis?

A

Superior angle of scpaula

43
Q

Innervation of levator scapularis?

A

Branches of C4/C5

44
Q

Function of levator scapularis?

A

Elevates scapularis

45
Q

Where does the spinal cord exit the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

46
Q

Nerves in the cervical spine

A

Arms

47
Q

Nerves in the thoracic region

A

Middle of the body

48
Q

Nerves in the lumbar spine

A

Legs

49
Q

Sacral nerves

A

control the posterior aspects of the legs and organ functions of the pelvis

50
Q

Descending motor tracts

A

Crossed pyramidal or lateral cerebrospinal tract

Uncrossed pyramidal or anterior cerebrospinal

51
Q

What level do pyramidal/ lateral cerebrospinal tracts cross?

A

Cross at medullary level and then descend the spine on the contralateral side of the cord

52
Q

What side do uncrossed pyramidal/anterior cerebrospinal tracts descend?

A

Uncrossed pyramidal/anterior cerebrospinal tracts descend on the ipsilateral side of the cord and then cross at the same level that they exit = exits on the contralateral side

53
Q

What do the ventral and dorsal roots form?

A

They join to become the nerve root

54
Q

What do the posterior rami serve?

A

The posterior rami serve the intrinsic muscle of the back and the strip of skin sensation in the centre of the back

55
Q

What do the anterior rami serve?

A

They form the nerve supply to the rest of the body/limbs

56
Q

Where do the spinocerebellar tracts ascend and what do they carry information relate to?

A

The spinocerebellar tracts ascend on the ipsilateral side and enter the cerebellu,,. They carry information relating to proprioception

57
Q

Where do the lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts ascend and what information do they carry?

A

The ascend on the ipsilateral side before crossing to the contralateral side and enter the thalamus. They carry information relating to pain and temperature

58
Q

Where do the posterior columns (fascicula gracilis of Goll and fasiculus cuneatus of Burdoch) ascend and what do they carry?

A

They ascend on the ipsilateral side and carry information relating to fine touch and proprioception

59
Q

Nerves you’ll find in the cauda equina

A

L2-L5
S1-S5
Coccygeal nerve

60
Q

Where do the nerves from the cauda equina innervate?

A

They innervate the pelvic organs and lower limbs

61
Q

Motor function of the cauda equina?

A

Hips, knees, ankles, feet, internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

62
Q

Sensory function of the cauda equina?

A

Hips, knees, ankles, feet, Perineum and, partially, parasympathetic innervation of the bladder

63
Q

Batsons venous complex

A

A network of valveless veins.
Connects the deep pelvic veins and the thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of the urinary bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral plexus. This has serious complications r.e haematological spread of carcinomas of the prostate

64
Q

Garden Classification of Femur Fractures?

A

Garden 1: incomplete fracture, undisplaced
Garden 2: complete, undisplaced
Garden 3: complete, incompletely displaced
Garden 4: complete, completely displaced

65
Q

What passes through the transverse foraminae?

A

The vertebral artery, vein and nerve fibres

66
Q

Movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Flexion/extension

Lateral extensions

67
Q

Movements of atlanto-dens joint?

A

Rotations

68
Q

Which part of the annulus fibrosis is thin?

A

The posterior part especially

69
Q

Where does the posterior tibialis insert?

A

The navicular tuberosity and the medial and middle cuneiforms

70
Q

Which tendon is the primary stabiliser of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

The posterior tibialis

71
Q

Movements produced by the posterior tibialis tendon?

A

Inversion and plantar flexion

72
Q

Risk factors for posterior tibialis dysfunction?

A 
Obese, middle aged female
Diabetes, hypertension
Steroid injection
Flat foot
Seronegative arthropathies
Flat foot
Due to a tendinosis of unknown aetiology
73
Q

Clinical signs of tibialis posterior dysfunction

A 
Flat foot
Swelling posterior to medial malleolus - very specific
Change in foot shape
Diminshed walking ability/balance
Dislike of uneven surfaces
More noticeable hallux valgus
Lateral wall "impingement" pain
74
Q

Flat foot and diminshed walking ability/balance

A

Posterior tibialis dysfunction

75
Q

Type I TPD

A

No deformity, swelling

76
Q

Type II TPD:

A

Deformity, too many toes, cannot single heel raise

77
Q

Type III and IV TPD:

A

Deformity, fixed forefoot abduction, rigid hindfoot valgus, deltoid ligament compromise, mortise signs, ankle pain

78
Q

Surgery used to fix pes cavus?

A

Soft tissue release
Tendon transfer
Calcaneal osteotomy
Arthrodesis

79
Q

ATFL and CFL

A

Anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament : lateral ligaments, usually involved in ankle sprains

80
Q

Grading of ankle sprains

A

Gd1-3, grade 3 is complete rupture

81
Q

Distal fibula fracture with no medial malleolus fractue or deltoid ligament rupture treatment?

A

This is stable

Treatment is boot or cast

82
Q

Distal fibula fracture with medial malleolus fracture or deltoid ligament rupture treatment?

A

This is not stable

Treatment is pin/nails etc

83
Q

5th metatarsal injury

A

Very common, inversion injury

1) Avulsion fracture by PERONEUS BREVIS (moon boot)
2) Jones fracture (POOR BLOOD SUPPLY, 25% risk non-union)
3) Proximal shaft (common site for stress fracture)

84
Q

How could you fracture talus?

A

Forced dorsiflexion/rapid deceleration

85
Q

How could you fracture calcaneus?

A

Falling from a height

86
Q

Tinel’s test positive for Baxter’s nerve

A

Plantar fasciitis

87
Q

Start-up pain after rest
Can be worse after exercise
Fullness or swelling, pain of plantarmedial aspect of heel

A

Plantar fasciits

88
Q

“Heel spurs”

“Heel pad pain syndrome”

A

Plantar fasciitis

89
Q

Causes of plantar fasciitis

A

Physical overload:excessive exercise, excessive weight
Seronegative arthropathy
Diabetes
Abnormal foot shape-planovalgus or cavovarus
Imrpoper footwear

90
Q

Treatment for plantar fasciitis?

A 
NSAIDS
Night splints
Taping
Heel cups or medial arch support
Physiotherapy - eccentric exercise programme
Steroid injection
Surgery - 50% success, better if acute onset
Usually self-limiting over 18-24 months
-Self managment
91
Q

Operative management for Hallux valgus and indications

A

Indications – failure of non-op, pain, lesser toe deformities, lifestyle limitation, overlapping, ulceration, functional limitation
Many osteotomies (not core)
Aim to realign the hallux and decrease the HV angle
Correct any lesser toe deformities at same time (soft tissue releases, osteotomies, fusions)
-Break the bone and move the head laterally

92
Q

Osteoarthritis of the first MTPJ

A

Hallux rigidus

93
Q

Operative management of Hallux Rigidus

A

Joint replacement

Fusion

94
Q

Hindfoot in rheumatoid arthritis

A

Talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
Unstable subtalar joint, calcaneus drifts into valgus
Medial arch collapses, flat feet
Often require multiple joint fusions

95
Q

Morton’s Neuroma

A

Degenerative fibrosis of common digital nerve near its bifurcation
-Get forefoot pain (metatarsalgia)

96
Q

Tendon-Achilles teninosis

A

Talocalcaneal interosseous ligament
Unstable subtalar joint, calcaneus drifts into valgus
Medial arch collapses, flat feet
Often require multiple joint fusions

97
Q

Surgery for claw, hammer and mallet toes?

A

Tenotomies, tendon transfer, fusions (PIP) or amputation

Musculoskeletal (44 decks)

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