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Paediatrics > Paediatric Growth & Endocrine > Flashcards

Paediatric Growth & Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What factors can infleunce a childs hight?

A

Age

Sex

Race

Nutrition

Chronic disease

Specific growth disorders

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2
Q

What are the different stages of normal growth?

A

Infantile

Childhood

Pubertal

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3
Q

During which stage of growth is the sharpest decrease in rate of height gain per year?

A

Infancy

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4
Q

During which stage of growth is the sharpest increase in rate of height gain per year?

A

Puberty

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5
Q

What is the measurement used to determine growth in infancy?

A

Length

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6
Q

What is the measurement used to determine growth in childhood?

A

Height

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7
Q

What is the name of the standard growth chart used in the UK?

A

RCPCH UK 2-18 Growth chart

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8
Q

What are the growth assessment tools used to assess child development?

A

Growth charts and plotting

Mid Parental Height

Childs height/length

Bone age

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9
Q

What are some indications for referal for growth disorders?

A
  • Extremes of height (short or tall)
  • Height below target height
  • Abnormal height velocity
  • Earyly/late puberty
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10
Q

What are the common causes of short stature?

A

Familial

Constitutional

SGA/IUGR (small for gestational age/intra-uterine growth restriction)

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11
Q

What is meant by constitutional growth delay?

A

A temporary delay in skeletal growth

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12
Q

What is familial short stature?

A

When a child is growing at their normal/predicted growth rate but both parents are of short stature (mother < 5’1, father < 5’5)

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13
Q

What are some pathological causes of short stature?

A

1 - Undernutrition

2 - IBD, Coeliac, Juvenille Chronic arthritis

3 - Steroids

4 - Turner syndrome

5 - Prader-willi syndrome

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14
Q

What are common investigations carried out to investigate growth disorders?

A

1 - FBC & Ferritin

2 - U&E’s

3 - LFT’s

4 - CRP

5 - Karyotype

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15
Q

Which method is used to compute the stage of puberty?

A

Tanner method

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16
Q

What are the components of the Tanner staging method?

A

Breast development

Genital development

Pubic hair

Axillary hair

Testes volume

17
Q

At what age do male testes start to grow?

A

12 years

18
Q

At what age do the female breasts begin to bud?

A

11 years

19
Q

Male puberty at which age is considered early?

A

< 9

20
Q

Male puberty at which age is considered delayed?

A

> 14 (CDGP)

21
Q

Female puberty at which age is considered early?

A

< 8

22
Q

Female puberty at which age is considered to be delayed?

A

> 13

23
Q

In which sex is CDGP more common?

A

Boys

24
Q

What is central precocious puberty?

A

Early sexual development in boys and girls

25
Q

What are the features of central precocious puberty?

A
  • Early development of breasts and testes
  • Growth spurts
  • Advanced bone age
26
Q

What is precocious pseudopuberty?

A

Abnormal sex steroid hormone secretion (estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys)

27
Q

What happens to the level of FSH and LH in precocious pseudopuberty?

A

Unaffected

28
Q

What are the characteristic features of someone with precocious pseudopuberty?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics:

Boys - genital enlargement and pubic hair before 9.5 years

Girls - Breast enlargement before 7

29
Q

At what Tanner stage do female breasts start budding?

A

B2

30
Q

At what Tanner stage do boys testicles start enlarging?

A

G2

T 3-4ml

31
Q

What are some common endocrine problems affecting childhood growth?

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

Acquired hypothyroidism - Autoimmune thyroiditis most common

32
Q

What are the issues encountered during childhood relating to acquired hypothyroidism?

A

1 - Lack of height gain

2 - Delay in puberty

3 - Poor school performance

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes in childhood?

A

Thirsty

Thinner

Tired

Using Toilet more often

34
Q

If Type 1 diabetes is suspected in a child, what test must be performed immediately?

A

Finger prick capillary glucose test

35
Q

What result from a finger prick capillary glucose test indicates urgent help is required?

A

> 11 mmol/l

36
Q

What is a red flag symptom that could indicate Type 1 diabetes in a child?

A

A return to bed wetting after having been dry

37
Q

What are the symptoms of DKA?

A

Nausea & vomitting

Abdo pain

Sweet smelling breath

Drowsiness

Rapid, deep breathing

Coma

Paediatrics (25 decks)

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