Nephrology

Question 1

What is the name of the syndrome when there is significant haematuria and intravascular overload?

Answer 1

Nephritic syndrome

Question 2

What is the name of the syndrome when there is significant proteinuria and intravascular depletion?

Answer 2

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 3

What does proteinuria indicate?

Answer 3

Glomereular injury

Question 4

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 4

Proteinuria

Hypoalbuminaemia

Oedema

Question 5

How is proteinuria tested?

Answer 5

Dipstick urinalysis

Protein creatinine ratio

24hr urine collection (gold standard)

Question 6

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 6

Minimal change disease

Question 7

How is nephrotic syndrome treated?

Answer 7

Prednisolone

Question 8

What causes nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 8

Interaction between T and B cells

Question 9

What are common causes of macroscopic and microscopic haematuria?

Answer 9

Glomerulonephritis

Post-infective glomerulonephritis

UTI

Kidney stones

IgA Nephropathy

Henoch Schonlein Purpura

Question 10

What is nephritic syndrome?

Answer 10

Haematuria and proteinuria

Reduced GFR

Raised JVP

Oedema

Question 11

What is the clinical diagnosis for the term ‘nephritic syndrome’?

Answer 11

Glomerulonephritis

Question 12

What are some causes of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 12

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy

Question 13

Which organism most likely causes post-infective glomerulonephritis?

Answer 13

Group A strep

Question 14

What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 14

IgA nephropathy

Question 15

What is a diagnostic feature of Henoch Schonlein Purpura?

Answer 15

Palpable purpura

Question 16

What are the criteria for serum creatinine and urine output in AKI?

Answer 16

Serum creatinine > 1.5x age specific reference

Urine output < 0.5ml/kg for > 8 hours

Question 17

Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome typically follows after what?

Answer 17

Diarrhoea

Question 18

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is associated with which bacteria and what toxin is produced?

Answer 18

E.coli o157

Shiga toxin

Question 19

What is the triad of haemolytic uraemic syndrome?

Answer 19

1 - Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

2 - Thrombocytopenia

3 - Acute renal failure

Question 20

How is haemolytic uraemic syndrome managed?

Answer 20

3M’s

1 - Monitor kidney function

2 - Maintain fluid levels

3 - Minimise antibiotics

Question 21

What is the most likely cause of chronic kidney disease in children?

Answer 21

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)

Question 22

What are some genetic causes of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 22

Turner syndrome

Down’s syndrome

Question 23

At what levels of GFR is kidney function normal?

Answer 23

60-120

Question 24

At what levels of GFR is kidney disease apparent?

Answer 24

15-60

Question 25

At what levels of GFR do they kidneys start to fail?

Answer 25

15 or less

Question 26

What investigation can be used to assess for renal scaring?

Answer 26

DMSA (Isotope scan)

Question 27

What investigation can be performed to assess the overall structure of the kidneys?

Answer 27

Ultrasound

Question 28

What is the biggest worry about UTI's in children?

Answer 28

Scarring of the kidneys

Question 29

How are UTI's in children treated?

Answer 29

Trimethoprim

Question 30

How is hypertension defined in children?

Answer 30

BP \> 95th percentile for their age group and height group BP is also dependent on their sex

Question 31

What is the cause of metabolic bone disease?

Answer 31

High PTH

Question 32

What are the 2 main types of genetic cystic renal disease?

Answer 32

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease