P2 URBAN CHALLENGES LONDON Flashcards
1
Q
Why are more people leaving industrial areas Sunderland )
A
THIS IS BECAUSE OF DECLINE OF INDUSDTRY
-Coal mines and the shipyards closed .
-This led to job losses , forcing people to look for work elsewhere in the country .
1
Q
Why are more people leaving industrial areas Sunderland )
A
THIS IS BECAUSE OF DECLINE OF INDUSTRY
-Coal mines and the shipyards closed .
-This led to job losses , forcing people to look for work elsewhere in the country .
2
Q
What is Populaiton
A
Population denisty in the number of people living in a particular area , e.g the population density of the Uk is apporximately 260 people per kmsquared /
-The UK is one of the msot urbanised countries in comparision to rural areas .
3
Q
The distribution of UK cities ?
A
LOWLAND AREAS - easy to build on , milder climates .
COASTAL - Harbours and ports .
NEAR MINERAL DEPOSITS (coal)- industrial development .
-CONURBATIONS - Urban area formed by towns merging .
4
Q
WHY IS THE UK SPARSE ?
A
Scotalnd has the coldest climate int he UK .
-Cost of living higher due to poor transport links .
-Mountaineous relei - Grampain mountians difficult to build on .
-Central Wales place in the UK .
5
Q
why is the UK DENSE
A
-London has many jobs opportunities e.g tertiary sector HSBC the sun a CANARY WHARD
-GOOD TRANSPORT LINSK such as the M25 , M3 , M1 AND EUROSTAR TO FREACNEES.
-Relef is flat ,a ndf ertile ,s upplied by thameseg .
-Midlands industrail past leads to jobs
6
Q
UK POPULAITON
A
-UK , is on of the most urbanised countiries in the world , with 82% of our population living in cities . This is typical with HICS , as they went through urbanisation in the 19th and 20th ceuntury .
7
Q
What would you feel like if you lived in London
A
-You may think we are an overcrowded country .
-HOWEVER , the UK has an uneven population distribution .
-Cities in Uk - densely popalted (flat and low lying areas of the coutnry ) , near major coasts and major rivers .
-SOUTH EAST ENGLAND - Fast growing economu .
-NORTHEAST EGLAND +SUnderland —> THE UK population has fallen due to a delcine of industry +loss of jobs -forcing ppl to move away to find new work .
8
Q
Describe London’s location (2)
A
-It is the capital city of England .
-London is located in the South East Corener of the United Kingdo , and positoned on the Thames river .
-The CBD of Lodnon is the borough of Westmisnter , (frequently called he ity or the square mile .)
9
Q
IS LONDON A WORLD CITY ?
A
-YASS , London is , it is globallyc onnected thorugh business and finance to citities around the worrld .
-THE CAPITAL has been LONDON since Roman times .
10
Q
Why is London an important location -SITE
A
-Roma London was originally built as a bridging point on the RIVER THAMES , which also meant it developed a port function .
11
Q
Why is London an important location -SITUATION
A
-The flat land gave the city room for expansion , with farm land beyond the walls .
-All ravel across the river , came thourgh the city so the ROMANS could control SOUTH-EAST , ENGLND .
12
Q
London HISTORY PART 1
A
-The first major settlement in Lodnown was founded byt he Roman after the invasion in 43 AD .
-With the collapse of roman rule in the early 5th century .London ceased to be a capital .
13
Q
London HISTORY PART 2
A
3.By the 11th ceuntry , London was beyond ll comparison , the largest town in Enngland .
-London was the largets city from 1831 to 1925.
14
Q
London HISTORY PART 3
A
-The most notable features of London is the RIVER THMES , which cutd across SOUTHERN ENGLAND , strechin 214 miles (346km).
-The thames was once a much broader shallwer river than it is today ,it hasbee exgensively embanked.
15
Q
Importance of London locally .
A
-It is the UK trandport network .
-The palace of westiminster and home of the UK goverement .
-London is the UK’S CAPITAL , and by far the wealthiest city .
16
Q
Importnce of London locally .
A
-EARNINGS and house prices have risen fster in London .
-Average salalry 3 k comapre to the uk averave of 22k .
-AVerage housing procing is 500k , compared to uk average 200 k
17
Q
Importance of London nationally
A
-London’s role as a port beore 20th ceuntury .
Motorways converge on London such as M1 , the UK’S BUSES IRPOTS HEATHRO AND GATWIC , both clsoe to London . AND EUROSTAR
18
Q
Importance of London Globally
A
-London is a ‘worldcity’
-One of the most important financial centers int heworld .
*-ALso the HQ of many large international and Briitsh compnies ,a re based there .
-CITY ALSO ATTRACTS INVESTEMNTS AND MIGRANTS FROM ALLA ROUND THE WORLD .
19
Q
LONDO IS WORLD CITY ECONOMIC FACTOR
A
A city with a mjor center of finance , trade , business , politics culture , science information , and the gathering of mass media , Serves the whole world as an importrant multinationl city .
20
Q
SERVICE FACTOR LODNON FACTOR
A
Service industires acxount for 60percnet of emploemtn like bankigna nd isnsurance , cicvils ervie and transportation
-gREATER london aslo posses the coutnires greatest concentrationo fporfessional and techincal admmisntative occupations and highest vergae income in uk.
21
Q
TORUSIM AND CULTURAL CENTER FACTOR
A
-Regarded as the most multi-cultural city int he wordld .
POINTS OF INTERET FOR TOURIS SOURCE OF INCOME - LONDONE YE , TOWER OF LODNODN BUCKIGNHM PALACE. POPULAITON OF LONDON 8 MIL
22
Q
THE QUESTION FOR THE POINTS ABOVE IS – EXPLAIN THE IMPROTANCE OF A HIC CASE STUDY YOU HVE STUDIED (4) .
A
YEUH
23
Q
How are the suburbs of London - Urban land use
A
-Medim class housing (semi-detached) .
-Les croweded and more pleasant ,wth less traffic and pollution .
-Richer poepole who can afford to commute ,
-People with families due to space and leisure activities.
24
How are the rural urban fringes of London -Urban land use .
-Business paprks and high quality detached housing .
-Lots of space and acssible for comuters .
-The land is cheaper
-Rocher people who like rural life live here .
25
How is CBD , in London - Urban Land use
-Buiness shops and oiffices ,
-Very busy and acessible .
-Land is expensive .
-Center point ofr entertainemnt .
26
How is the inner city of London - Urban Land use
-Low class housing and old industry .
-Smaaller houses that are terraced .
-Poorer people , who can't afford to commute and those who can onlhya fford small houses .
-Ethnic people who live here , so they re ner improtant serivces - churches .
*This area is now often being redeveloped into MEDC cities.
27
HOUSING IN THE INNER CITY
MIX OF LAND USES , MAY HAVE OLD TERRACED HIGH RISE OWER BLOCKS ND MODERN HOUSIGN , LOOK FOR STRIAGHT ROWS OF TERRACED HUSES ON THE MAP .
28
housing in rural FRINGE
-VERY EDGE OF THE CITY HENCE FRINGE ,
-FARMLAND , OPENSPACES AND SOME NEW HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS .
-IT MAY HAVE RETAIL OR BUSINESS PARKS .
-look for wheite spaces showign fields mixed with built up areas .
29
HOUSING IN CBD
-Int he m iddle of a town .c ityu
-PUUBLIC BUIODOINGS
-LOTS OF ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIIES .
-Often surroudned y a ring road .
30
THE SUBURBS
The suburbs are found towards the dge of thec ity .
-THey are residential re s, with semid etchd houes , LOOK OUT FOR CUL DE SACS .
31
Why has lONDON GROWN
-LONDON GROWS due to migration and natural increse . -
-London physically grows at the adges , hrough the porcess of suburbanisation . (-1901-2011)
-Y 2030 LONDON WILL BECOME A MEGACITY .
32
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON
-increase in population , rural-urban migration .
-mORE MIGRANTS FROM OTHER PRTS OF THE UK , moved to the city .
-London was badly bombed during the war in 1939 .
33
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON
-increase in population , rural-urban migration .
-mORE MIGRANTS FROM OTHER PRTS OF THE UK , moved to the city .
-London was badly bombed during the war in 1939 .Decrease in population
34
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON (2)
-As trafic , crime and pollution increse , the wealthy move out of the city , and make use of the transport links o commute to the city . population decrease .
-Population increase - as areas of London became redeveloped and new jobs available more people are attracted in .
35
Using these points -Using gifgure 1 , describe and explain how London's population has changed . (6 marks )
...
36
What is populaiton structure ?
-It mens the'make up' or composition of a populaiton .
-It shows how the populaion is divided up bbetween males and femlaes of different age groups .
37
ELDERLY DEPENDENTS (65+)
-THE OLD FOLKS are known as his granny and grandpas .
-This means they no longer contribute towards paying taxes (as they are too old to work .)
-The government then has ti suooirt ir subsiside their living costs .
38
Young dependents (0-14)
-All the young people require acess to schools , librairies and support .
-ll of his requires funding from the locl area .
-Young people also do not pa taxes (as they don't work)
-therefore they are DEPENNDANT O.
39
TYpes of jos ECONOMICALLY ACIVE (15-65)
-People whoa re working have ot pay tax to the goverement , to provide essential services (fire services , police , healthcare , and education ) - this is the working population .
40
LONDONS AGE STURCUTRE IN A POPULAITON PYRAMID
-Fewer old people indictes COUTNER-URBANISATION , to retirement (rural or coastal locations.)
-Large numbers of young adults int heir 20s , living nd owrking in the vibrant ciy . They are the ones having the young children .
41
Whya re there more ople aged 20-39 in London ?
-Young epople university grads , will move for work and soical life .
42
Whya re there more woemn reaching old age than men .
-Biologially , XX chromsoomes , are more stable thn XY .
43
How does London's populaiton differ from the rest of the UK .
-Less older people in london , compared to the rest of the UK . There are also more young people aged 20-39
44
What is net migration , and how does it affect London ?
-Net migration is the diffrence betwen immigration and emigratin .
-Ne migration into London is low ,most immigrants are yooung whilst older people leave .
-Lots of young people will mean there will be greter natural increase .
45
How does Londonss popultion comapre to res of uk
-Lss old people in london counter uranisation .
-Age groups identify them like (20-39) more in Lodnon because of social life , emploment .
-Migration int olondon , interna l migration into rest the uk
-Lots of pooporutnities . youtfhul poopulaiton in london . .
46
Advantages of counter urbanisation ?
-Rural villages and communtiies may ecome more popualr , more businesses amy appear .
-New facilities e,g acyclse and walk ways , leisure faciitlies good schools - road acess and grea transport links .
47
Advanatages of coutner urbanisations .(2)
-Primary schools might flourish (or close) - young populaiton increase nursery provision .
-Housing fabric improved , new housing barn conversions .
-HOusing prices go up - more moeny
48
NIMBY
opposition by nearby residents to a proposed building project
49
Negatives of counter urbanisation .
-The rise of second hoes .
-Houing prices are too high for local people - pushed out of the area .
-Young people cna be ofrced away as they are priced out of heir own communtieis .
-New buildings change the characteristics of town .
50
Negatives of coutner urbanisation (2)
-Traditional rural serivces start to close .
-Second home owenrshi ip menas villagetown uncoccupeis , so businesses epxerience dips in custom . due to lc of customers
-Trffic congesiton increses .
-Job loss , people relocating .
51
Globalisation - the porcess by which the world is becoming icnreasingly connected .
Globalisation has made it easier for people around the world .
-In cities led to multiculturalism ,w ehre lot o f differnet cultural or ethnnic groups live side by side .
52
QUICK FAX
in2011 NEARLY 200K , moved into Lodnon ,
-London ahs the most culturallyd iverse population in the Uk .
-37% of people living in London , were bron outisde UK .
53
ETHINIC DIVERISTY IN LONDON
-Notting Hill Carnivals . new experience culrual exhange CULTURAL MXIING CHANCE FOR THAT .
-Brick Lane sign , spialfields . - new experience culrual exhange aand lots of diffeenet types of restaurants and shops . The fac the sign in brick lane is wirtten in bengali show owenrship of the area , .
54
Where are differnet cultural groups concentraed in ?
Carribean comunity in Brixon .
SOuth Korean i ENW MALDEN .
-Ovetime , these communties wil start businesses of their own which will c ater to the needs of hat speicifc community ,s uch as resuarans .
-BUILDING FUNCTIONS - can also chnage , like religious buildings , an area can take on a sepcific IDENITY linked to differnet cultural groups .
55
economic migrants hsitory
-Migrants having moing into London , since the ROMAN TIMES , followedd hby the saxons and normans -anglo saxons .
56
economic migrant history (2)
-Frnech Hugeuenot , refugees (French Portetants , who were persecued by Caholics) , came to Spitl field i 117-19 ceunry followed by Jewish refugees in he 19th cenutyr .
57
RECENTY ECONOMIC MIGRANTS
-More recently , there have been economic migrants froM Banglaesh , India , and Pakistan .
-Since the 1950s , the populaion of London has delcines as mnay have moved ot the urburbs or OUTSKIRTS of Lodnon .
-INFLUXES IN MGIRNNTS FROM ALL OF WORLD 0- around 4mil EU nationals in Uk .
58
The EMpire windrush
-Carribeans k were bought to Britian in 1948-1971 . to help rebuild 'mother country' but many faced prejudice and uneual treatment , and that continues today .
59
British Nationality act 1948
-People came to Britian (afro crriean) after WW2
-The britian , allowed those lviing in commonwelaht countries , full rights of entry and setlement , the shortagafter ww2 , the shortage of lbour encouraged indusrires , like he biritsh rail ,and national health sservice to heavily recruit from carribean. Howvere some faced prejdice still.
60
GOOD impaccts of natio and inernagitonal migration of gorwh in the city
-Areas contiunallyd evleop . DUE TO LRGER TAXES
-HIGHLY EDUCATED SKILLED PEOPLE WORK IN THE ECONOMOY .
- ALSO FDI WIL INCREASE .
1IN3 22 -30YEAR OLDS , UNIVERISTY GRAUDAES HED FOR LONDON .
MORE MXIING OF CULTRES AND FIFERENT INDENTITIIES .
61
NEGATIVE impacts of natio and inernagitonal migration of gorwh in the city
-Negative house pirces have increasedby ten time .
-Brin drain in other countires ,a s sSKILLED PEOLE Ahave moved to London .
-NEGATIVELY HOUSE PIRCES HAVE INCRESEDBY X10.
-MXIING BETWEEN DIFFEENT CULTURES , ICNRESE CONFLICTS ITH ORIGINAL LOCALS .
62
DATA PRESNETATION METHOD DISDVANATGE
-MAY HIDE PATTERNS , COLOURS OVERLAP .
-COLOURS CN BE CONFUSING E,G LIGHT O DARK , LIGHT COLOURS CAN E CONFUSED WITH OTHER CATEGORIES HAT RE ALSO LIGHT ESPECIALLY IF SAME COLOUR . census on a map.
-IT HAS GROUPED ALL OTHER ETHNICITIE TOETHER , HIS IS NOT VERY HELPFUL . ONE CHLOROPLETH MAP FOR ALL ETHNICITIES .
CENSUS COLOURS CONFUSING , EAH SHOULD BE A DISICN CCOLOUR GREEN BLUE PRUPLEL .
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CHLOROPLETH - IF EACH ETHNCITY HAS ITS OWN , CLEARER , CORREC EAY OF MAPPING LIGHT - LOW VLAUE - DARK HIGH VALUE it has one colour
..
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pie chart data presentation technique
-it includes lsightly more categoires for each ethincity .
*segements clear and distinct .
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pie chart data presentation technique
-it includes lsightly more categoires for each ethincity .
*segements clear and distinct .
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CHECK LAST SLIE OF CULUTRAL MIXX MISS LN PPT - check if anything is missed .
ite itokay dokey
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OPPORTUNITIES IN LONDON CASE STUDY
-SHOREDITCH - IT IS AN AREA OF lonodn in hte BOROUGH OF HCKEY .
-Built up part of the innercity to the north of the city London . East of Charing Cross
67
OPPORTUNITIES IN LONDON CASE STUDY
-SHOREDITCH - IT IS AN AREA OF lonodn in hte BOROUGH OF HCKEY .
-Built up part of the innercity to the north of the city London . East of Charing Cross
68
Opportuntiies in Shoredich
-HIotry
-Empoloyment
-Built enviornemnt
-Opinions // emotions
cultural mix
recreaion and enerainmen
employment
69
Hisotry of SHoreditch
-An old area of London cloe to the city center is Shoreditch . It typifiifies rhe changes that have occured around London and in some other U CITIES
-The CBD is an are of expensive land and uses of busines and transpor .
-The innericy is the old industrial rea of the city . With factroies snd warehosues , however INDUSTIRES CLSOED ND MOVED OUT (30 yers ago) , then Bangladeshi immigrants moed around brick lane e.g
-Used o be terrace hosuign and warehouses ,bu these areas are now redeveloped .
70
shoreditch got its ame from family SOERDICH , Lods of the mnor , int he time of EDWRD III fAMILY BURIES AS S LEONARDS .
-FIRST THEATERI N LONDON IN shOREDICH
-Current building dates back o 1740 , but original sie,dates back to the 13th cenury .
71
hOW Di the Frech HUgenots influence Shoredich
-During the 17th ceunry , wealthy raders and French Huguenot sikweavers moved inot hea rea , esablishing texting indusry centerersd rounn SPITL FIELDS . by 19TH CEUNTRY , SHOREDITCH WAS ALSO HE LOCUS OF THE FURNIURE INDUSTRY .Welahy area polygot society .
-was ver y Jewish in 1970s like 40 synagogue .
72
SINCE 1970S..
-A thriving Bangladeshi communiy had flourished in the area . Bringing new culures , rades and business , like Bricklane restuauran disrict .
-Evidence that they have given the area uniwue character , can sill be seen ; hugenot church synagoguses mosques withing makres hoes and restuaurants ..
TODAY , Brikc Lane is the heart of the countires Bangladehsi commniy , aka as BANGLAGOWN , famous for its curry houses .
73
WWII
The desturction of housing and indsury (textile and furniture) DUE TO BOMBING , created opportunity ; Shoreditch Park and Haggerston Park .
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SHOREDITCH OPPORTUNITIES
Famous people like ALexander Mcqueen who culurl renaissance were there .
rebellion pushhed as graffiti artists were pushed to leave thier makrs on local walls . STREET ART YEAHS
-rICH MIX ARTS ENTER , ALL ABOUT MUSIC CINEMAN , and dance and community events .
75
Independent shops ;
-BOXPARK.
-Columbi road flower makrke
76
OPPORTUNITIES IN SHOREDITCH - employment
-Culutral industires - SHoreditch is the hub of major advertising and design in Uk Jobs are now wed bedign , gilm-making art and hi tech .
-Old pubs and bars are now resaurants and art galleries , There is an electric dining scene features everyhing from rendy chain restraurans and smar gastropubs o arisan coffee shops and nooodle bars . LOSO F VINTAGE ND DESIGN SHOPS ,
77
Cultural mix -in SHOREDITCH OPPORUTNITY
-Young creatives and trendslers fill the fashionale clubs and bard tha surround Shoredich High Stree .
-Redisdents argue that it feels like a 'village community'
-Graffiti cover smanyw alls in area but ocntibute ot culurl dieversiy .
-1980s young artist moved into area , it was seen as a rough loctionbut became trendy and popular .
78
OPPORTUNTIIES IN SHOREDITCH - BUILT ENVIRONEMNT
-bOMBED IN THE ww11 , shoredich BUT MANY NEW HIGH RISE OWER BLOKCS , WAREHUSES AND FACORIES . bECMAE A RUN DOWNINNCER CIY REA .
-st leonards , CHRUCH THAT SURIVIVED ww11 IS A KEY LAnddmark .
-Todsy old industrial buildings (warehouses0) have been ocnverted into flts d offices , people laso live on the cnals .
79
What is a hipster fshion
someone who follows he lates trends and fahsions esoecially hose regarded as being ouside he mainstream .
HIPSTERFICATION - [rpcess pf becoming indenified wih or taken over by hipsers .
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Meaning of gentrification
Gentrification is when an area is redeveloped and upgraded , attracting richer people and often displacing poorer tenants. Richer people will move into the more expensive, modern accommodation.
81
Gentrification in SHoreditch
Gentrification is when run down urban areas are renovated by an influx of more affluent residents.
Evidence of this in Shoreditch is rising property prices which drives out the former residents
82
Why choose SHoreditch
Proximity to the City and Canary Wharf
Good stock of Victorian housing and potential office space for creative industries
83
HOw does Gentrification create tension ?
49% of the children in the borough of Hackney live below the poverty line.
Property developers and private landlords are making millions forcing these children and families out of their homes.
Families are regularly moved into inadequate temporary accommodation and sometimes on to the streets.
Many parents in the area suffer the indignity of relying on food banks to feed their children while the new Shoreditch residents can make a successful business selling children’s cereal for £5 a bowl.
84
HOW CAN URBAN CHANGE AFECT POEPLE (4MARKS )
STUDENT IN LNNDON
LSE broadly estimates that students should allow £1,100-£1,300 per month for all living expenses, including accommodation, travel, food, laundry, study costs, and other personal expenses.
85
Explain how urban change can affect people. [4]
A Bangladeshi family
on a low income
The average Shoreditch salary is between £25,800 and £31,000.
However, low Income households= £15,358
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Explain how urban change can affect people. [4
A young couple working in a high tech industry
Can earn between £47,357- £69,998
Gentrification + Hipsterfication?
Increases number of service industries? Cafes? Restaurants?
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Explain how urban change can affect people. [4]
The owner of an old warehouse
The average price for a property in Shoreditch is £742362
The average price for a rental property/flat in Shoreditch: £2,515 pcm
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Hackney ; place profile
THIRD most densely populated place in London .
LIFE EXPECANCY IS one yer bewlow for women comapred o london and wo years for men .
-Fourh highest rate of child poveryt in London .
Hackney is the most gentrifying place in London .
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CHALLENEGES in shoreditch
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CHALLENEGES in shoreditch
91
Uisng a case study of a Uk city , discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. [9] + 3 SPAG
“Urban change presents more opportunities than challenges”.
Structure:
Brief intro – name your city (London – focus on Shoreditch), briefly restate the question and whether you agree or not.
Create an equal argument-
Argue to agree – what opportunities are there for people (state different groups) in Shoreditch (PEE)
Argue to disagree – what challenges do people (state different groups) face in Shoreditch (PEE)
Evaluate – overall are there more opportunities or challenges? Or does it depend on who you are?
I agree/disagree with the statement…
check Structure:
Brief intro – name your city (London – focus on Shoreditch), briefly restate the question and whether you agree or not.
Create an equal argument-
Argue to agree – what opportunities are there for people (state different groups) in Shoreditch (PEE)
Argue to disagree – what challenges do people (state different groups) face in Shoreditch (PEE)
Evaluate – overall are there more opportunities or challenges? Or does it depend on who you are?
I agree/disagree with the statement…
#Have they used statistics? House prices? Average earnings?
Key words? Gentrification and Hipsterfication?
Examples of Industries? High tech and cultural industries Wearhouse owners?
The negative impact on: Local people e.g. Bangladeshi community? Low income households? University students?
Is it a balanced argument? Or have they written too much about one issue?
SPAG WWW: EBI:
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EXAM - Describe one or more cultural opportunities that have taken place in a HIC city you have studied. [2]
Recreation in London- Museums etc.
Rich mix
Shoreditch- Silicone roundabout
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EXAM-Explain one or more cultural mix changes that have taken place in a HIC city you have studied. [4
Inner city (cheaper rents)
Spitalfields + Brick Lane
Mosques
Brick Lane curry houses.
More unique shops
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EXAM - Explain the impact of demographic changes in a HIC city you have studied. [6]
The demographics of London e.g. proportion of each ethnic group (White/South Asian/Mixed).
Number of people born outside of the UK living in London…
Bangladeshi communities in Brick Lane…
Little Italy, China Town, Notting Hill carnival…
Brick Lane + Spitalfields
Changes in the built environment.
Melting pot/ Immigration/ Diversity/ Multicultural city…
95
Analayse the opportunities created in a HIC city you have studied.
-A social opportunity created by ethnic and cultural diversity allows people to experience different foods and cultures.
-This includes the Notting Hill Carnival which is held in the city each year since 1966
This gives local people the opportunity to explore a different culture through the parades, music and food. This improves the understanding of different cultures resulting in a broadly tolerant and liberal community.
95
Analyse the opportunities created in a HIC city you have studied. (point 1 )
-A social opportunity created by ethnic and cultural diversity allows people to experience different foods and cultures.
-This includes the Notting Hill Carnival which is held in the city each year since 1966
This gives local people the opportunity to explore a different culture through the parades, music and food. This improves the understanding of different cultures resulting in a broadly tolerant and liberal community.
This is an essential opportunity to improve understanding of the cities diversity.
96
Analyse the opportunities created in a HIC city you have studied. (point 2)
-London offers a range of educational opportunities.
-The city has over 40 higher education institutions, one of the largest concentrations in the world.
-This creates opportunities as it develops the skills level of the population; this creates a better quality workforce encouraging businesses into the city.
97
Analyse the opportunities created in a HIC city you have studied. (point 3)
-London offers economic opportunities as it is the financial hub of the country.
-The city of London is ranked as the second most important financial centre behind New York.
-This creates opportunities as it encourages investment within the city as many global banks and financial headquarters have located here. This creates a spread of wealth through the jobs in the city and in associated businesses.
This is a vital opportunity as it allows the city to increase in wealth improving businesses and the lives of the people living there.
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London has Integrated transport systems
Integrated transport involves the combining of different modes of transport to maximise ease and efficiency for the user in terms of time, cost, comfort, safety, accessibility and convenience
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TRANSPORT IN LONDON
Transport for London controls the majority of transport in London e.g. London Underground, red London Buses
London Commuters can travel on most forms of transport using the Oyster card.
Public transport accounts for 25% of London's journeys.
London also has an integrated cycle network but only around 3% of journeys in London are made by bike.
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OUTSIDE OF LONDON TRANSPORT
UK motorways converge on the M25
Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted serve as major hub International airports
Trains link the UK together at stations like Kings Cross and connect to Europe via Eurostar from St Pancras.
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Oyster card in London
An Oyster card is a smart card that you add money to, so you can pay as you go. You can pay as you go to travel on bus, Tube, tram, DLR, and London Overground trains.
Not tapping out…
If you haven't touched in, you'll be charged the usual penalty fare (currently £80, reduced to £40 if you pay within 21 days
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Why odes London's trandport need improving
London has 12% of the UK’s total population with 9% of the UK’s cars but is still responsible for 40% of entire country’s congestion.
-More than 3000 people were seriously injured or killed on London’s roads every year.
-40,000 new houses are needed every year…
-25 million people use the underground and 50 million use London buses every week (overcrowiding 5 mil per dayyy )
-An estimated 2/3 of London’s emissions are caused by traffic.
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not everyone cycles as
In 2020, London’s cyclists suffered 856 serious injuries on the roads and six were killed, according to a Transport for London report from June 2021
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SOLUTION ; VISION ZERO APPROACH
TFL aims to be apart of the Vision Zero movement. This is a global movement to end traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries by taking a systemic approach to road safety. The premise of this strategy is that road deaths and injuries are unacceptable and preventable.
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There are ZEZ ZOES
-In a Zero Emission Zone (ZEZ) vehicles are subject to restrictions on exhaust emissions beyond those in the Ultra Low Emission Zone or Low Emission Zone.
-ZEZs can help improve local air quality while encouraging a switch to zero-emission vehicles, walking, cycling and public transport use. This will help to support the Mayor's goal that by 2050 London will become a zero-carbon city.
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How will these changes imporv London
Improving accessibility to competitive business locations (especially town centres and strategic industrial locations) through:
Making the most effective use of existing and new infrastructure investment; encouraging walking, cycling and public transport use;
Enabling the labour market to function more efficiently in opening up wider opportunities to Londoners
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Main points in stratgeic transport polcy
-They will make improvements to the rail network.
-Efficient bus services in outer London.
-Encouraging greater use of cycling and walking as modes of choice.
-Road improvements to address local congestion;
-Ensuring that land use planning also supports the transport network so that vacant and under-used land is optimised to improve the function of London’s integrated systems (street lighting etc).
--There will be more land used as strategic interchanges
-Park and ride schemes will also be used where appropriate (private car ownership).
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POSTIVE IMPACTS OF THESE transport chnages
-More access for disabled people
-Encourage further regeneration, providing thousands more jobs
-Extra 1.5 million people will be within 45 mins of London
Raise property values by 25%
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NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THESE TRANSPOR CHANGES
-Many tube stations need desperate refurbishment first
-NIMBYism occurs
-Costs £14.8 billion altogether
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canary whar cross rail
This is the new Crossrail station at Custom House, which is one stop from Canary Wharf but a world apart. It is one of the poorest parts of London, with a high proportion of social housing and people on low income.
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HOw urbanisaion in tranports reduce raffic in A HIC CASE STUDY U LERNT
-CROSS RIAL means there is an icnreas of 1.5m peeps only 45 min aways fromr each cenral london .
-travel time cut significantly ..
broris bikes docking staion acessible and free for 0 m , 11k bikes used
cogesttion charge intorduces between 6-7 .
HOhwer crod roil consurction six years laods of closures of roads ..
-11year process for rilways takes longg time .
riding bike has caused bad reputation , as it caused 6 deaths in 2020 , also one bie over 1k
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No acess to green spaces in London
½ of Londoners have poor access to public/ open spaces (parks or green neighbourhoods).
The London Mayor wants more than half of London to be green by 2050 so that everyone can experience, enjoy and benefit from the natural environment of the city.
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Air pollutiionin london
-Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
-Prolonged exposure to high levels of NO2 can damage the lungs and in children is linked to conditions such as asthma, reduced lung growth and even reduced brain function.
fax
In 2019, Greater London had the equivalent of between 3,600 to 4,100 -deaths due to air pollution.
-¼ of London’s green spaces breaches air quality safety limits
-20% of primary schools are located in parts of London that breach legal air pollution limits.
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Benefits of green psaces (1)
-Thames Barrier prevents itdal surges .
-More vegetation means more interspetion and more infiltration , decresing he amoun t of flooding AFFORESTATION .
wheres tarmac floring is impermeable
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Benefits of green spaces 92)
EXERCIE LIKE THAI CHI BIKING URNNING
BIOPHILLIA - A LOVEO FTHINS GOD FOR WLELL BEING WITH NAURE
ALSO EXECISE HAS HEALTH BENEFITS .
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Benefits of green spaces (3)
-SUMMER FESTIVALS
-LARGE SOCIL GATHERINGS psotive hings
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benefits of green spaces (4)
-14000 species in London.
If you have a garden he house iself will be higher in vlaue (5-7% higher)
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benefits of green spaces (4)
-14000 species in London.
If you have a garden he house iself will be higher in vlaue (5-7% higher)
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benefits of green spaces (4)
-14000 species in London.
If you have a garden he house iself will be higher in vlaue (5-7% higher)
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benefits of green spaces (4)
-14000 species in London.
If you have a garden he house iself will be higher in vlaue (5-7% higher)
planting trees , trees bsorb co2 for phoosynhesis . benefits of green space (5)
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Benefits of green spaces (5)
-URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
-VEGEATOPM COOLS HE AREA =
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Benefits of green space (6)
In 2019, Greater London had the equivalent of between 3,600 to 4,100 deaths due to air pollution.
¼ of London’s green spaces breaches air quality safety limits
20% of primary schools are located in parts of London that breach legal air pollution limits.
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How much of London is green ?
London is one of the world’s greenest cities.
47% is green space
In recent years many people have paved over their gardens to create patios or make space to park their cars.
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Why have green spaces disappeared ?
Suburban growth- the expansion of London in the early twentieth century led to development of suburbs. They were built on farmland, providing millions of new homes with gardens for Londoners.
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What is re - urbanisaiton
The movemen tof people backward owards he city from rurala reas and suburbs
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What is counter - urbanisation
movment of poeple away from major ciiies into smaller settlements and rural areas .
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What is urbanisation
The increase percengae of people living in towns and ciieis comapred o rural areaas
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What is suburban sprawl
the sprread of the suburbs of a city outwards itno the green belt area .
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What is suburbanisation
the outward sprawl of the uran area . This is ofen ino green fieldareas and creates a subruban sprwl . These areas are often a a lower populaion densiy than he nner paerts .
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URBAN GREENING
How we increase and protect green spaces we have in cities .
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What is green infratstrucutre
-Green infrastructure is a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services such as water purification, air quality, space for recreation and climate mitigation and adaptation.
-Green infrastructure can take many forms — from big networks of protected natural areas to green roofs in cities — but all types of green infrastructure employ nature to provide natural benefits such as clean air or reliable flows of clean water.
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london greenery
London is a very green city. Its parks, gardens and canopy of trees make it an attractive place to live, work and invest.
They also form part of the history and character of the city.
These green places and features already provide us with space to relax, help to clean our air and are habitats for wildlife.
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good thing about green infrastrucutre
Green infrastructure is just as important to the city as its grey infrastructure of rail, roads, pipes and cables. It is a network of parks, green spaces, gardens, woodlands, rivers and wetlands, as well as urban greening features such as street trees and green roofs, that is planned, designed and managed to:
Promote healthier living, providing spaces for physical activity and relaxation
Cool the city and absorb stormwater to lessen the impacts of climate change
Filter pollutants to improve air and water quality
Make streets clean, comfortable and more attractive to encourage walking and cycling
Store carbon in soils and woodlands
Create better quality and better-connected habitats to improve biodiversity and ecological resilience
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urban biodiversity
urban biodiersiy - Urban biodiversity refers to the variety and variability among living organisms found in a city and the ecological systems in which they occur
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benefits ofgreen citieies
-Trees and green open space reduce the danger of flooding by slowing down the rate at which rainwater drains from the land
-People can grow food in them. There are 30,000 allotments in London
-Trees produce oxygen, clean the air and help to reduce global warming by using CO2.
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small scale green spaces
Individuals maintain their gardens and feed birds in winter.
De-pave your garden- from grey to green can help reduce the risk of flooding, encourage wildlife and be good for our wellbeing.
Grow your own veg- in a small garden or on your windowsill.
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CASE STUDY - NORTHFILEDS ALLOTMENTS
Northfields is the longest-surviving allotment space in London, having been established in 1832 for the working poor of Ealing.
Plans to build on the allotments were proposed in September 2016 by a charity (Pathways) in order to construct social housing.
Now 27 different nationalities have plots, and for many it’s their only outdoor space. A well-tended plot can feed a family, while access to green space provides vital sustenance for body and mind.
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Large sclae greening
connecting green spaces we already have to create a wildlife corridor.
Green roofs –there are around 700 green roofs in central London alone, covering an area of over 175,000m2. That’s 17.5 hectares or around 25 football pitches!
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check book for london environmen stTWGY 2019
YUH
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HOW CAN LONDON BECOME EVEN MORE GREENER
milProposed garden birdge estimates
green networks -, corridors and linkages are widely seen as a key mechanism for reversing the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity.
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Explain how a city in an HIC can become greener. [4
Increasing urban biodiversity
Green infrastructure
Small scale- change your garden (bird feeders, plant trees & remove impermeable surfaces).
Large scale- green corridors & green roofs
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To what extent do urban areas in high income countries (HICs) provide social and economic opportunities for people? [9]+3SPAG
Hints:
Shoreditch – cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, jobs e.g. media and tech
London Docklands – economic opportunities e.g. finance jobs
Integrated transport systems – Crossrail will improve transport links in London
Urban greening – London environment strategy 2018, Northfields allotments
Poverty- social inequality- gentrification (outpriced).
Social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal
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Green belt
Hints:
Shoreditch – cultural mix, recreation and entertainment, jobs e.g. media and tech
London Docklands – economic opportunities e.g. finance jobs
Integrated transport systems – Crossrail will improve transport links in London
Urban greening – London environment strategy 2018, Northfields allotments
Poverty- social inequality- gentrification (outpriced).
Social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield and greenfield sites, waste disposal
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The benefits of a green belt
Two-thirds of all Green Belt land is in agricultural use; not surprising given its proximity to potential markets in the city. This is a vital economic resource for food security and soil protection.
Recreation, sport, health Green Belt protection has ensured Londoners enjoy open land and countryside in and near the city. Many areas of Green Belt are country parks or playing fields, they support sport and recreation, tourism and health – including reducing stress by providing peaceful, breathing spaces and 9,899km of public rights of way
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Explain how has urban change created challenges in a HIC city that you have studied? [9] +3SPAG
Social and economic: urban deprivation, inequalities in housing, education, health and employment
Environmental: dereliction, building on brownfield sites, waste disposal
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What challenges does London face?
1. Inequality: London is the wealthiest city in the UK, but social deprivation affects 2 million people (lack of decent services, housing, income or employment). Projects such as redevelopment (see later slides) can help to address these problems.
2. Housing: The Mayor of London’s office has calculated 66,000 new homes are needed each year; recent new building has averaged 20,000 per year. New homes can be built on ‘brownfield’ sites (old industrial wasteland) or ‘greenfield’ sites (open space on the edge of urban areas).
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What challenges does London face? (2)
3. Transport: Around 3 million people use the London underground train network every day, and millions more use the buses. With population increase this will put the transport network under considerable strain.
4. Pollution and Waste: Air pollution from cars means 2 million Londoners (including 400,000 children and 450 schools) live in areas of pollution above international pollution limits. A quarter of London’s waste still goes to landfill rather than recycling.
Solutions to these include encouraging cycling through the public bike hire scheme (currently called Santander cycles), and building the Crossrail trainline and the cycle superhighway. The congestion charge discourages cars from the city centre.
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quic fax
27 of londones live in poverty (2.3 million )
76& of homes built in London last year were no affordaple .
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3. For a city in the UK that you have studied DISCUSS the extent to which it can tackle the challenges it faces. [9] + [3] SPAG
do at end if you want
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Commuter Settlement
The area around a city where development is restricted so that towns and cities do not merge.
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Greenbelt
The area around a city where development is restricted so that towns and cities do not merge.
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Rural/urban fringe
The area at the very edge of the city beside the countryside.
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Urban sprawl
The growth of towns and cities spreading and taking over areas of the countryside.
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Decentralisation
Moving offices away from the city centre to the outskirts.
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Urban sprawl has multiple economic costs.
-Increased travel costs;
-Decreased economic vitality of urban centres;
-Increased tax burdens due to more expensive road and utility construction and maintenance;
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Urban sprawl has multiple economic costs. (2)
-Increased car use leading to higher air pollution and increased health care costs for diseases like asthma
-Loss of productive farmland and natural lands that support tourism.
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ZE FAT PROBLEM
Over time London has been growing in population and also size. This means that London spreads out over a wider area and takes over the countryside. We call this urban sprawl.
With London’s population growing at 100,000 a year, there are only 20,000 new homes being built. This means house prices are rising faster in London than the rest of the country, particularly in inner London.
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ONE CAUSE OF URBAN SPRAWL Decentralisation of offices
Some offices from central London are relocating to business parks on the outskirts of the city and beside main roads for access. They are taking advantage of the cheaper land on the rural/urban fringe and the unpolluted environment which attracts skilled workers.
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ANOTHER CAUSE OF URBAN SPRAWL -Transport Changes
Many main roads, motorways and train lines link outer London and inner London. Faster train links mean that people can live in cheaper houses on the edges of the city where there is more space for gardens and commute in to the city to work.
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ANOTHERR CUSE OF URBAN SPRAWL - Housing Developments
From the 1950s onwards lots of council estates and new housing developments were built on the edge of London to combat the problem of overcrowding in central London.
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FINAL CAUSE OF URBAN SPRAWL - New Industry and business districts
Industrial estates and business parks have been built on the cheaper land on the rural/urban fringe. There is more room for these businesses to expand than there would be in central London.
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SOCIAL IMPACTS OF URBAN SPRAWL
-The character of the rural community is lost as commuters start to bring city-style living to the commuter towns e.g. bars, night clubs and expensive coffee shops.
-Modern housing estates, retail parks and supermarkets are built in commuter towns which changes the look and feel of the area.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF URBAN SPRAWL
-More built surfaces (e.g. concrete pavements) on previously green land means that floods are more likely because the rain cannot soak into the ground.
-Wildlife habitats are destroyed as new homes and services are built in commuter towns.
-Increased need for cars to travel long distances to work means that there is more traffic and congestion on the roads and more pollution.
-The increase in traffic and transport can cause noise and visual pollution.
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF URBAN SPRAWL
-Commuter towns can be like ‘ghost towns’ during the day as all the workers leave to work in the city. This means that there is no one there to use the services and shops.
-Providing public transport for people to commute to the city is costly.
-City workers tend to earn more money than the original residents in commuter towns. This means that house prices increase as people selling their houses sell to the richer city workers. This means the original residents can’t afford homes there.
-
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The decentralisation of London
-The big plus of decentralisation is that it would increase the number of jobs in the suburbs and reduce the number of trips to and from work by people living nearby.
-The UK will likely promote the importance of regional centres as employment hubs in order to use decentralisation and counter urbanisation to ease London's transport and resource use.
-The large economic imbalances in the UK originate also from the underrepresentation of regional and local interests in the political system. To make spending decisions more accountable and responsive to local needs, we propose further decentralisation of public expenditure from central to local government.
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The large economic imbalances in the UK originate also from the underrepresentation of regional and local interests in the political system. To make spending decisions more accountable and responsive to local needs, we propose further decentralisation of public expenditure from central to local government.
Defined decentralisation and urban sprawl [1]
Explained what the issues of urban sprawl are. [2] DEVELOPED POINT
Mentioned how decentralisation could reduce this issue/ or argued that it could lead to further urban sprawl in the future. [2] DEVELOPED POINT
Overall opinion [1] Yes, I agree/ No, I don’t agree with the statement.
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EXAM QUESTIONS YOU COULD TRY
-Describe the causes of urban sprawl [4]
Describe the consequences of urban sprawl [4]
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EXAM QUESTIONS YOU COULD TRY
-Describe the causes of urban sprawl [4]
Describe the consequences of urban sprawl [4]
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Why did East London experience industrial decline? OFFSHORING
Manufacturing Industries closed in 1960–90s: some moved abroad, where costs are lower.
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Why did East London experience industrial decline? - DEINDUSTRIALISATION
Mass unemployment, particularly low-skilled workers.
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Why did East London experience industrial decline? Immigration
Area gained negative reputation. Region became the location for newly arrived, often poor migrants.
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Why did East London experience industrial decline? The cycle of poverty
-Area experiences graffiti and rise in litter. Possible crime (and fear of crime) increases.
-Small existing industries pollute the land and air; the Thames still polluted from former industrial age; not cleaned up.
-By 2000 area contained brownfield sites. Newham was one of the poorest boroughs in the UK on many social measures.
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Why did the docklands go into decline ?
check the desktop for the shhet thing .
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EST lONDON REGENERATION - OLYMPICS 2012
These are some of the factors that have led to change. East London (on the borders of Newham, Waltham Forest, Hackney and Tower Hamlets) hosted the summer Olympic Games in 2012. A reason for winning the bid to host the Games was that they would act as a stimulus for positive change.
--Social – the Athletes’ Village is now a new housing development (East Village), with 2,800 homes, a new school (Chobham Academy) and five new communities planned by 2030. BUT house prices are rising across the whole area, so it is still unaffordable for many locals.
--Economic – the International Quarter is a business hub for 25,000 people which attracts TNCs. BUT it was still being built in 2020.
--Environmental – whole park landscaped, with over 100 hectares of open space for wildlife.
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East London Regeneration (1)
-Wind turbines generate renewable energy across site.
-Large cranes all over region showing new developments .
-Landscaping of River Lea valley prevents flood damage and trees help prevent flooding.
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East London Regeneration (2)
-Field sketch of the Olympic Park and surrounding area, looking South.
-Trees and grass shows landscaped parklands – makes the area attractive to tourists and locals.
-Canary Wharf and the high rise businesses of London Docklands in background – already investment in East London
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Legacy- Urban regeneration project
The London 2012 Olympic Legacy was a plan to make sure that the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games had LONG TERM BENEFITS.
This legacy was to cover 4 main areas;
Economic – supporting new jobs and skills, encouraging trade, inward investment and tourism
Sports – continuing elite success, development of more sports facilities and encouraging participation in schools sports and wider
Social and volunteering – inspiring others to volunteer and encouraging social change
Regeneration – reuse of venues, new homes, improved transportation, in East London and at other sites across the UK
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So why was the olympics put in the East of London
Using figure 1, summarise why the Olympic site was chosen [6]
-Net houshold income - £500-£600 averga ehouse hold income after tax (max is £800 compared to rest of London).
- Life Expectancy - 77.5-79.5 -----Max (82.5 years)
-Children in poverty 2009 -A wide variation between 30-50 Lowest value (<10%)
-GCSE points score -281-310.5 points
Maximum (420 points)
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DO I AGREE OR DISAGREE ?
“East London is socially better off because of the Olympics”.
“The environment in East London has improved”.
“Local people have benefitted from all of the changes put into place”.
“Economically, the London Olympic regeneration of London was a success”.
“The London Olympics offered value for money”.
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BUT NOT ALL AREAS OF EST LOONDON WERE REDEVELOPED ...
-The side yard of old office building opposite Bromley by Bow underground
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Evaluate the success of attempts to redevelop an urban area in a high income country you have studied. [9]
Evaluate: this means look at things that went well and things that did not go so well. You could also look at social, economic and environmental aspects.
Place-specific detail: it needs to sound like the Olympics-led regeneration of East London. You need names of places, key dates and numbers.
Answer the question! Make sure you are writing about redevelopment in London, and the successes of it. Be critical too, to evaluate successfully.
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Desrcribe the effects of urban regeneraiton in a HIC you have studied .
Check stratford before vs after
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Check the 'rebranding East London' to see if anything was missed out .
...
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What doe urban sustainability require ?
-Water and energy conservation
-Water recycling
-Creating reen spalce
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Sustainability in large citiies
Large cities, such as London, have a wide range of inputs necessary to provide liveability, including:
Land,
Water,
Food
Energy,
Building materials and
Waste outputs.
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Governments can contribute to ecological sustainability through legislation that acts in two main ways:
Encouraging households and industry to reduce the amount of resources they consume, such as encouraging energy efficient water heating, and increasing the price of water to discourage its wasteful use.
Encouraging a reduction in the amount of waste created, such as reducing packaging, using more energy efficient equipment, re-using and recycling materials, educating citizens in more efficient ways of reducing resource use and waste production.
London is also aiming to reduce transport pressures and hence fuel usage by promoting regional hubs of employment.
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Case study – East Village, Stratford
Sustainable urban transport
Sustainable urban living .
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What is the East Village. FEAUTRES OF SUSTAINABLE LIVING
East village is the former Olympic athletes village next to the Olympic Park, Stratford. A key aim of the games was to be ‘the most sustainable games ever’.
High density housing - high standards of insulation and energy efficiency
Affordable and mixed size housing- 1 bedroom apartments – four bedroom town houses
Open space - 27 hectares – 10 of which for parks and open space. Hundreds of planted trees and ponds
Shops and services - 35 small independent shops, cafes, bars and restaurants, supermarkets and a gym
Services New school – Chobham Academy and a health centre
Transport - Close to bus routes and a new local station. Good cycling and walking routes.
Car parking – provided in each block but for a premium price
Green roofs – on residential blocks – full of grass and small plants
---
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Sustainable urban transport in Stratford – Olympic Park, East Village, Westfield shopping centre
-Stratford e.g East Village is an area of high density housing (the population of the borough of Newham has increased by 24% from 2001 to 2011 census) and many visitors come for the former Olympic Park, Westham matches and Westfield shopping centre.
-The London transport and development plan has prioritised development in inner-city brownfield sites, particularly in Inner East London where public transport improvements and regeneration schemes have been concentrated. New infrastructure has been combined with extensive upgrades to existing underground lines, rail links, bus services, cycling infrastructure as well as increasing restrictions on car use through, for example, the London Congestion Charge.
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Londons ecological footprint .
-London’s ecological footprint is about twice the size of the UK!
It is estimated that each person uses six global hectares (6gha)
-Ecological footprint = the area of land or sea needed to produce all the inputs a city uses (e.g. food, water, energy) and to dispose of its outputs (e.g. pollution, waste, sewage)
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sUSTAINABALE URBAN TRANSPORT STRATEGY IN sTRATFORD .
a) Regional and local rail services e.g. National Rail services operated by Greater Anglia and c2c
b) London Overground services - Less than 40 minutes to all London’s major railway stations; 7 minutes to St Pancras International
c) Underground services - Jubilee and Central lines
d) Docklands Light Railway (DLR) services
e) A hub for bus services - 25 bus routes plus 2 nightbuses
f) High Speed 1 services connect to St. Pancras in 6 minutes
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For an urban transport strategy you have studied, evaluate its effectiveness in reducing traffic congestion
Car ownership per household across London has decreased dramatically in the last ten years and road vehicle traffic in London has been falling with vehicle kilometres in 2012 10.9 per cent lower than in 2000. Inner London has been more sustainable compared to outer London:
–The rate of car traffic reduction has been twice as fast over the past 10 years
– There are more than twice as many cycle trips per person
– There are lower car ownership levels, reducing pressures on space
– There are 40 per cent more walk trips per person.
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Strengths of Sustainable urban transport strategy in Stratford
STRENGTHS = all the public transport, walking and cycling previously stated
OPPORTUNITIES
Stopping international trains at Stratford International and any benefits to Stratford from new proposals to link High Speed 1 to High Speed 2 would help cement the ongoing regeneration of the Stratford area, by increasing its profile nationally and internationally, providing fast and convenient travel opportunities for businesses locating in and around.
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Threats of Sustainable urban transport strategy in Stratford
The level of growth anticipated means private car use within the area will need to be managed to ensure the impact of new development on local and strategic roads within the area is mitigated. New development, if not appropriately managed, could threaten the capacity and resilience of roads through the area, by generating new car journeys. The continued presence of the A12 and its environmental impact on the area could hamper efforts to create a successful place.
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Weaknesses of Sustainable urban transport strategy in Stratford
There is crowding and congestion on parts of the area’s public transport and highway networks, such as on the A12 and on Underground links into central London.
Roads, rivers and railway lines cut through the area and are barriers to movement across the area, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists.
Some parts of the Legacy Corporation area are less well served by public transport, such as parts of Hackney Wick.
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Evaluate the success of attempts to redevelop an urban area in a high income country you have studied. [9]
Your answer might include:
Evaluate: this means look at things that went well and things that did not go so well. You could also look at social, economic and environmental aspects.
Place-specific detail: it needs to sound like the Olympics-led regeneration of East London. You need names of places, key dates and numbers.
Answer the question! Make sure you are writing about redevelopment in London, and the successes of it. Be critical too, to evaluate successfully. use the nine marker olympics.
