P2 URBAN CHALLENGES LONDON Flashcards
Why are more people leaving industrial areas Sunderland )
THIS IS BECAUSE OF DECLINE OF INDUSDTRY
-Coal mines and the shipyards closed .
-This led to job losses , forcing people to look for work elsewhere in the country .
Why are more people leaving industrial areas Sunderland )
THIS IS BECAUSE OF DECLINE OF INDUSTRY
-Coal mines and the shipyards closed .
-This led to job losses , forcing people to look for work elsewhere in the country .
What is Populaiton
Population denisty in the number of people living in a particular area , e.g the population density of the Uk is apporximately 260 people per kmsquared /
-The UK is one of the msot urbanised countries in comparision to rural areas .
The distribution of UK cities ?
LOWLAND AREAS - easy to build on , milder climates .
COASTAL - Harbours and ports .
NEAR MINERAL DEPOSITS (coal)- industrial development .
-CONURBATIONS - Urban area formed by towns merging .
WHY IS THE UK SPARSE ?
Scotalnd has the coldest climate int he UK .
-Cost of living higher due to poor transport links .
-Mountaineous relei - Grampain mountians difficult to build on .
-Central Wales place in the UK .
why is the UK DENSE
-London has many jobs opportunities e.g tertiary sector HSBC the sun a CANARY WHARD
-GOOD TRANSPORT LINSK such as the M25 , M3 , M1 AND EUROSTAR TO FREACNEES.
-Relef is flat ,a ndf ertile ,s upplied by thameseg .
-Midlands industrail past leads to jobs
UK POPULAITON
-UK , is on of the most urbanised countiries in the world , with 82% of our population living in cities . This is typical with HICS , as they went through urbanisation in the 19th and 20th ceuntury .
What would you feel like if you lived in London
-You may think we are an overcrowded country .
-HOWEVER , the UK has an uneven population distribution .
-Cities in Uk - densely popalted (flat and low lying areas of the coutnry ) , near major coasts and major rivers .
-SOUTH EAST ENGLAND - Fast growing economu .
-NORTHEAST EGLAND +SUnderland —> THE UK population has fallen due to a delcine of industry +loss of jobs -forcing ppl to move away to find new work .
Describe London’s location (2)
-It is the capital city of England .
-London is located in the South East Corener of the United Kingdo , and positoned on the Thames river .
-The CBD of Lodnon is the borough of Westmisnter , (frequently called he ity or the square mile .)
IS LONDON A WORLD CITY ?
-YASS , London is , it is globallyc onnected thorugh business and finance to citities around the worrld .
-THE CAPITAL has been LONDON since Roman times .
Why is London an important location -SITE
-Roma London was originally built as a bridging point on the RIVER THAMES , which also meant it developed a port function .
Why is London an important location -SITUATION
-The flat land gave the city room for expansion , with farm land beyond the walls .
-All ravel across the river , came thourgh the city so the ROMANS could control SOUTH-EAST , ENGLND .
London HISTORY PART 1
-The first major settlement in Lodnown was founded byt he Roman after the invasion in 43 AD .
-With the collapse of roman rule in the early 5th century .London ceased to be a capital .
London HISTORY PART 2
3.By the 11th ceuntry , London was beyond ll comparison , the largest town in Enngland .
-London was the largets city from 1831 to 1925.
London HISTORY PART 3
-The most notable features of London is the RIVER THMES , which cutd across SOUTHERN ENGLAND , strechin 214 miles (346km).
-The thames was once a much broader shallwer river than it is today ,it hasbee exgensively embanked.
Importance of London locally .
-It is the UK trandport network .
-The palace of westiminster and home of the UK goverement .
-London is the UK’S CAPITAL , and by far the wealthiest city .
Importnce of London locally .
-EARNINGS and house prices have risen fster in London .
-Average salalry 3 k comapre to the uk averave of 22k .
-AVerage housing procing is 500k , compared to uk average 200 k
Importance of London nationally
-London’s role as a port beore 20th ceuntury .
Motorways converge on London such as M1 , the UK’S BUSES IRPOTS HEATHRO AND GATWIC , both clsoe to London . AND EUROSTAR
Importance of London Globally
-London is a ‘worldcity’
-One of the most important financial centers int heworld .
*-ALso the HQ of many large international and Briitsh compnies ,a re based there .
-CITY ALSO ATTRACTS INVESTEMNTS AND MIGRANTS FROM ALLA ROUND THE WORLD .
LONDO IS WORLD CITY ECONOMIC FACTOR
A city with a mjor center of finance , trade , business , politics culture , science information , and the gathering of mass media , Serves the whole world as an importrant multinationl city .
SERVICE FACTOR LODNON FACTOR
Service industires acxount for 60percnet of emploemtn like bankigna nd isnsurance , cicvils ervie and transportation
-gREATER london aslo posses the coutnires greatest concentrationo fporfessional and techincal admmisntative occupations and highest vergae income in uk.
TORUSIM AND CULTURAL CENTER FACTOR
-Regarded as the most multi-cultural city int he wordld .
POINTS OF INTERET FOR TOURIS SOURCE OF INCOME - LONDONE YE , TOWER OF LODNODN BUCKIGNHM PALACE. POPULAITON OF LONDON 8 MIL
THE QUESTION FOR THE POINTS ABOVE IS – EXPLAIN THE IMPROTANCE OF A HIC CASE STUDY YOU HVE STUDIED (4) .
YEUH
How are the suburbs of London - Urban land use
-Medim class housing (semi-detached) .
-Les croweded and more pleasant ,wth less traffic and pollution .
-Richer poepole who can afford to commute ,
-People with families due to space and leisure activities.
How are the rural urban fringes of London -Urban land use .
-Business paprks and high quality detached housing .
-Lots of space and acssible for comuters .
-The land is cheaper
-Rocher people who like rural life live here .
How is CBD , in London - Urban Land use
-Buiness shops and oiffices ,
-Very busy and acessible .
-Land is expensive .
-Center point ofr entertainemnt .
How is the inner city of London - Urban Land use
-Low class housing and old industry .
-Smaaller houses that are terraced .
-Poorer people , who can’t afford to commute and those who can onlhya fford small houses .
-Ethnic people who live here , so they re ner improtant serivces - churches .
*This area is now often being redeveloped into MEDC cities.
HOUSING IN THE INNER CITY
MIX OF LAND USES , MAY HAVE OLD TERRACED HIGH RISE OWER BLOCKS ND MODERN HOUSIGN , LOOK FOR STRIAGHT ROWS OF TERRACED HUSES ON THE MAP .
housing in rural FRINGE
-VERY EDGE OF THE CITY HENCE FRINGE ,
-FARMLAND , OPENSPACES AND SOME NEW HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS .
-IT MAY HAVE RETAIL OR BUSINESS PARKS .
-look for wheite spaces showign fields mixed with built up areas .
HOUSING IN CBD
-Int he m iddle of a town .c ityu
-PUUBLIC BUIODOINGS
-LOTS OF ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIIES .
-Often surroudned y a ring road .
THE SUBURBS
The suburbs are found towards the dge of thec ity .
-THey are residential re s, with semid etchd houes , LOOK OUT FOR CUL DE SACS .
Why has lONDON GROWN
-LONDON GROWS due to migration and natural increse . -
-London physically grows at the adges , hrough the porcess of suburbanisation . (-1901-2011)
-Y 2030 LONDON WILL BECOME A MEGACITY .
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON
-increase in population , rural-urban migration .
-mORE MIGRANTS FROM OTHER PRTS OF THE UK , moved to the city .
-London was badly bombed during the war in 1939 .
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON
-increase in population , rural-urban migration .
-mORE MIGRANTS FROM OTHER PRTS OF THE UK , moved to the city .
-London was badly bombed during the war in 1939 .Decrease in population
wHAT PROCESSES HAVE LED TO POULATION CHANGE IN lONDON (2)
-As trafic , crime and pollution increse , the wealthy move out of the city , and make use of the transport links o commute to the city . population decrease .
-Population increase - as areas of London became redeveloped and new jobs available more people are attracted in .
Using these points -Using gifgure 1 , describe and explain how London’s population has changed . (6 marks )
…
What is populaiton structure ?
-It mens the’make up’ or composition of a populaiton .
-It shows how the populaion is divided up bbetween males and femlaes of different age groups .
ELDERLY DEPENDENTS (65+)
-THE OLD FOLKS are known as his granny and grandpas .
-This means they no longer contribute towards paying taxes (as they are too old to work .)
-The government then has ti suooirt ir subsiside their living costs .
Young dependents (0-14)
-All the young people require acess to schools , librairies and support .
-ll of his requires funding from the locl area .
-Young people also do not pa taxes (as they don’t work)
-therefore they are DEPENNDANT O.
TYpes of jos ECONOMICALLY ACIVE (15-65)
-People whoa re working have ot pay tax to the goverement , to provide essential services (fire services , police , healthcare , and education ) - this is the working population .
LONDONS AGE STURCUTRE IN A POPULAITON PYRAMID
-Fewer old people indictes COUTNER-URBANISATION , to retirement (rural or coastal locations.)
-Large numbers of young adults int heir 20s , living nd owrking in the vibrant ciy . They are the ones having the young children .
Whya re there more ople aged 20-39 in London ?
-Young epople university grads , will move for work and soical life .
Whya re there more woemn reaching old age than men .
-Biologially , XX chromsoomes , are more stable thn XY .
How does London’s populaiton differ from the rest of the UK .
-Less older people in london , compared to the rest of the UK . There are also more young people aged 20-39
What is net migration , and how does it affect London ?
-Net migration is the diffrence betwen immigration and emigratin .
-Ne migration into London is low ,most immigrants are yooung whilst older people leave .
-Lots of young people will mean there will be greter natural increase .
How does Londonss popultion comapre to res of uk
-Lss old people in london counter uranisation .
-Age groups identify them like (20-39) more in Lodnon because of social life , emploment .
-Migration int olondon , interna l migration into rest the uk
-Lots of pooporutnities . youtfhul poopulaiton in london . .
Advantages of counter urbanisation ?
-Rural villages and communtiies may ecome more popualr , more businesses amy appear .
-New facilities e,g acyclse and walk ways , leisure faciitlies good schools - road acess and grea transport links .
Advanatages of coutner urbanisations .(2)
-Primary schools might flourish (or close) - young populaiton increase nursery provision .
-Housing fabric improved , new housing barn conversions .
-HOusing prices go up - more moeny
NIMBY
opposition by nearby residents to a proposed building project
Negatives of counter urbanisation .
-The rise of second hoes .
-Houing prices are too high for local people - pushed out of the area .
-Young people cna be ofrced away as they are priced out of heir own communtieis .
-New buildings change the characteristics of town .
Negatives of coutner urbanisation (2)
-Traditional rural serivces start to close .
-Second home owenrshi ip menas villagetown uncoccupeis , so businesses epxerience dips in custom . due to lc of customers
-Trffic congesiton increses .
-Job loss , people relocating .
Globalisation - the porcess by which the world is becoming icnreasingly connected .
Globalisation has made it easier for people around the world .
-In cities led to multiculturalism ,w ehre lot o f differnet cultural or ethnnic groups live side by side .
QUICK FAX
in2011 NEARLY 200K , moved into Lodnon ,
-London ahs the most culturallyd iverse population in the Uk .
-37% of people living in London , were bron outisde UK .
ETHINIC DIVERISTY IN LONDON
-Notting Hill Carnivals . new experience culrual exhange CULTURAL MXIING CHANCE FOR THAT .
-Brick Lane sign , spialfields . - new experience culrual exhange aand lots of diffeenet types of restaurants and shops . The fac the sign in brick lane is wirtten in bengali show owenrship of the area , .
Where are differnet cultural groups concentraed in ?
Carribean comunity in Brixon .
SOuth Korean i ENW MALDEN .
-Ovetime , these communties wil start businesses of their own which will c ater to the needs of hat speicifc community ,s uch as resuarans .
-BUILDING FUNCTIONS - can also chnage , like religious buildings , an area can take on a sepcific IDENITY linked to differnet cultural groups .
economic migrants hsitory
-Migrants having moing into London , since the ROMAN TIMES , followedd hby the saxons and normans -anglo saxons .
economic migrant history (2)
-Frnech Hugeuenot , refugees (French Portetants , who were persecued by Caholics) , came to Spitl field i 117-19 ceunry followed by Jewish refugees in he 19th cenutyr .
RECENTY ECONOMIC MIGRANTS
-More recently , there have been economic migrants froM Banglaesh , India , and Pakistan .
-Since the 1950s , the populaion of London has delcines as mnay have moved ot the urburbs or OUTSKIRTS of Lodnon .
-INFLUXES IN MGIRNNTS FROM ALL OF WORLD 0- around 4mil EU nationals in Uk .
The EMpire windrush
-Carribeans k were bought to Britian in 1948-1971 . to help rebuild ‘mother country’ but many faced prejudice and uneual treatment , and that continues today .
British Nationality act 1948
-People came to Britian (afro crriean) after WW2
-The britian , allowed those lviing in commonwelaht countries , full rights of entry and setlement , the shortagafter ww2 , the shortage of lbour encouraged indusrires , like he biritsh rail ,and national health sservice to heavily recruit from carribean. Howvere some faced prejdice still.
GOOD impaccts of natio and inernagitonal migration of gorwh in the city
-Areas contiunallyd evleop . DUE TO LRGER TAXES
-HIGHLY EDUCATED SKILLED PEOPLE WORK IN THE ECONOMOY .
- ALSO FDI WIL INCREASE .
1IN3 22 -30YEAR OLDS , UNIVERISTY GRAUDAES HED FOR LONDON .
MORE MXIING OF CULTRES AND FIFERENT INDENTITIIES .
NEGATIVE impacts of natio and inernagitonal migration of gorwh in the city
-Negative house pirces have increasedby ten time .
-Brin drain in other countires ,a s sSKILLED PEOLE Ahave moved to London .
-NEGATIVELY HOUSE PIRCES HAVE INCRESEDBY X10.
-MXIING BETWEEN DIFFEENT CULTURES , ICNRESE CONFLICTS ITH ORIGINAL LOCALS .
DATA PRESNETATION METHOD DISDVANATGE
-MAY HIDE PATTERNS , COLOURS OVERLAP .
-COLOURS CN BE CONFUSING E,G LIGHT O DARK , LIGHT COLOURS CAN E CONFUSED WITH OTHER CATEGORIES HAT RE ALSO LIGHT ESPECIALLY IF SAME COLOUR . census on a map.
-IT HAS GROUPED ALL OTHER ETHNICITIE TOETHER , HIS IS NOT VERY HELPFUL . ONE CHLOROPLETH MAP FOR ALL ETHNICITIES .
CENSUS COLOURS CONFUSING , EAH SHOULD BE A DISICN CCOLOUR GREEN BLUE PRUPLEL .
CHLOROPLETH - IF EACH ETHNCITY HAS ITS OWN , CLEARER , CORREC EAY OF MAPPING LIGHT - LOW VLAUE - DARK HIGH VALUE it has one colour
..
pie chart data presentation technique
-it includes lsightly more categoires for each ethincity .
*segements clear and distinct .
pie chart data presentation technique
-it includes lsightly more categoires for each ethincity .
*segements clear and distinct .
CHECK LAST SLIE OF CULUTRAL MIXX MISS LN PPT - check if anything is missed .
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OPPORTUNITIES IN LONDON CASE STUDY
-SHOREDITCH - IT IS AN AREA OF lonodn in hte BOROUGH OF HCKEY .
-Built up part of the innercity to the north of the city London . East of Charing Cross
OPPORTUNITIES IN LONDON CASE STUDY
-SHOREDITCH - IT IS AN AREA OF lonodn in hte BOROUGH OF HCKEY .
-Built up part of the innercity to the north of the city London . East of Charing Cross
Opportuntiies in Shoredich
-HIotry
-Empoloyment
-Built enviornemnt
-Opinions // emotions
cultural mix
recreaion and enerainmen
employment
Hisotry of SHoreditch
-An old area of London cloe to the city center is Shoreditch . It typifiifies rhe changes that have occured around London and in some other U CITIES
-The CBD is an are of expensive land and uses of busines and transpor .
-The innericy is the old industrial rea of the city . With factroies snd warehosues , however INDUSTIRES CLSOED ND MOVED OUT (30 yers ago) , then Bangladeshi immigrants moed around brick lane e.g
-Used o be terrace hosuign and warehouses ,bu these areas are now redeveloped .
shoreditch got its ame from family SOERDICH , Lods of the mnor , int he time of EDWRD III fAMILY BURIES AS S LEONARDS .
-FIRST THEATERI N LONDON IN shOREDICH
-Current building dates back o 1740 , but original sie,dates back to the 13th cenury .
hOW Di the Frech HUgenots influence Shoredich
-During the 17th ceunry , wealthy raders and French Huguenot sikweavers moved inot hea rea , esablishing texting indusry centerersd rounn SPITL FIELDS . by 19TH CEUNTRY , SHOREDITCH WAS ALSO HE LOCUS OF THE FURNIURE INDUSTRY .Welahy area polygot society .
-was ver y Jewish in 1970s like 40 synagogue .
SINCE 1970S..
-A thriving Bangladeshi communiy had flourished in the area . Bringing new culures , rades and business , like Bricklane restuauran disrict .
-Evidence that they have given the area uniwue character , can sill be seen ; hugenot church synagoguses mosques withing makres hoes and restuaurants ..
TODAY , Brikc Lane is the heart of the countires Bangladehsi commniy , aka as BANGLAGOWN , famous for its curry houses .
WWII
The desturction of housing and indsury (textile and furniture) DUE TO BOMBING , created opportunity ; Shoreditch Park and Haggerston Park .
SHOREDITCH OPPORTUNITIES
Famous people like ALexander Mcqueen who culurl renaissance were there .
rebellion pushhed as graffiti artists were pushed to leave thier makrs on local walls . STREET ART YEAHS
-rICH MIX ARTS ENTER , ALL ABOUT MUSIC CINEMAN , and dance and community events .
Independent shops ;
-BOXPARK.
-Columbi road flower makrke
OPPORTUNITIES IN SHOREDITCH - employment
-Culutral industires - SHoreditch is the hub of major advertising and design in Uk Jobs are now wed bedign , gilm-making art and hi tech .
-Old pubs and bars are now resaurants and art galleries , There is an electric dining scene features everyhing from rendy chain restraurans and smar gastropubs o arisan coffee shops and nooodle bars . LOSO F VINTAGE ND DESIGN SHOPS ,
Cultural mix -in SHOREDITCH OPPORUTNITY
-Young creatives and trendslers fill the fashionale clubs and bard tha surround Shoredich High Stree .
-Redisdents argue that it feels like a ‘village community’
-Graffiti cover smanyw alls in area but ocntibute ot culurl dieversiy .
-1980s young artist moved into area , it was seen as a rough loctionbut became trendy and popular .
