P2-Urban challenges Flashcards
What is urbanisation ?
The increasing percentage of people living in towns or citires .
What is the cuase of urbanisation in HICS ?
-Tows in HICS became urbanised during the 18th and 19th cenntury .
-As people migrated from rural areas due to mechanisation in farming and availability of employment in the new area .
-The inner city was also developed - terrace housing for poeple who worked there . aND THEREFORE WILL LHAVE LESS URBANISATION IN FUTURE ,A S EVEYRTHING HAS ALREADY HAPPENED .
How is the UK in terms of urbanisation ?
-Alrhtough the UK is an urban society , more and more pople want ot live want to live in the country side - this is knonwn as COUNTER URBANISATION
(Less noise /air pollution
-bigger /cheaper hosues ).
What is one ONE cause of urbanisation in LICS ?
-natural increase - a higher birth rate than deathh rate .
-People who mitiage tend to be young , which results in naturally high levels of increase , meaning in high levels of birth .
-Falling death rate due to medicine , healthcare .
What is ANOTHER cause of urbanisation in LICS ?
Rural to ubran migration - movement of people from the countryside to the city .
What is a PUSH factor ?
A BAD thing that makes you want to oleave that location .
What is a PULL factor ?
-Things that make you want to leave , good tihngs that attract you .
PUSH Factors for urbanisation ?
Natural disasters - can damage property and farmland , which is costly , Rural areas can find it harder to recover as they tend to hav fewer resources .
-Mechanised agricultrual equipment , needs fewer workers so fewer jobs .
-Poverty
PULL factors for urbanisation
-There are more jobs in urban aeas that are often beter paid .
-There’s access to better healthcare and education opportunities .
-Other famialies might have already moved to an urban area .
-People think they will have a better quality life .
What is a megacity ?
-Urban areas with more than 10 million residents .
-As of 2018 there are 33 megacities ,
with more than 27 located in LICS AND NEES ,
-By 2043 number of megacities epxted to increase to 43.
CASE STUDY FOR LIC/NEE URBANISATION ?
Lagos - a city in the SOUTH WEST of NIGERIA .
-On the coasto fguinea
-North of the equator and North of the Prime Merdian .
Quick Facts about Lagos .
-Nigeria is a NEE , and has the highest GDP of any country in Africa .
-The citiies population is to be over 14 million , one of the fastest growing areas in the world , with an anual growth rate of 3.2 % .
How is Lagos important REGIONALLY ?
-The large migran population increases CULTURAL DIVERSITY .
-It is also very wellc onnected to other major towns , making it an important center for regional trade .
How is Lagos important NATIONALLY ?
-Lagos is homet o 80% of Nigeria’s industry , as well as many global companies .
-Lagos was also the capital of Nigeria until ABUA became capital in 1991 .
How is Llagos important INTERNATIONALLY ?
-Lagos is the main financial center , fr the whole of WEST AFRICA ,aand the 5th largest economy on the continent .
-The international port and airport are important for global trade .
One factor that has cuased lagos to grow rapidly
-The british colonised Llagos in the 1869s making it a center for trade and attracitng many merchants .
-Lagos Lagoon if a map was given .
Another factor that has causes Lagos to grow rapdily ?
-Many ex slaves returned home to Lagos in the 1800s (eg from Brazil) as slavery wa abolished .
-When NIgeria gained independance in the 1960s , there was a rapi economic development , as Nigeria;s resources no logner controlled by birithsh .
lat factor that caused Lagos to grow rapidly ?
-THe governemnt financed lots of construction projects
e,g oil refineries ,s ea ports and factories , creatimg many jobs and rapid urbanisaiton .
-Lagos recent growth is cuased by natural increase and migration
What is migration ?
-People moving fromo ne area to anogther 9usually rural to urban)
What is Eko Atlantic ?
ITS AN ECONOMIC OPPORTNUNITY
-Theyw ant it to be aplace witha formal economy - popele have to work for wages and payt axes .
–Have holidayr ights
-New fiancial hub for West Africa
What is Eko Atlntic ? (2)
-Inspire dby DUbai - n like hong kong - designed for poeple highlye ducated tht left Lagos to com back .
-Will be home to 250 , ooo popele and employ 150,000 poepple .
What is the informal sector ?
-Part of the economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government .
-Activites of the informal economy are not included in the gross domestic porducts or a country (street vendor).
Benefits of the informal sector .
-Beneficial services , like car washing shoe hsining
-enterpirse city , peole are willing to do antyhing .
-Wate recylicng is a major job in the informal sector .
Problems with the informal sectoe ?
-People do not pay taxes - that is problematic for the government .
-Dangeorus jobs are whaazrdous for health . Working 12 hrs some
-Limits the number of jobs Lagos can create .
What is Olusosun ?
-A huge landfill site near the hear of Lagos . THe city has grown up around the site .
-A place where people in Lagos find solutions to problems - seeing an opportunity where others might just see junk .
Benefits of Olusosun
-Around 500 people work there .
-Rubbish can be turned into enegry by harnessing methane gas , emitted from rottnew aste .
-Without dump , a lot of reusable itemrs would go to waste , people in LAgos cns ave moenby by buying recyled goods .
Benefit and problem for Olusosun
-Municpal governments collect 40% of 10,000 tonnes of waste produced in Lagos everyday . This 40% is taken to landfill sites like Olusosun .
-BUT only 13% of the waste is recyled , better if people separate their own waste for recycling .
Problems with Olusosun ?
-Officers breathe in ansty fumes fromt he rubish which can be very bad for their health .
-Electric waste , imported to Nigeria, is brought to thessite , and trated with chfemicals ,,, but toxic fumes re realsed.
Problems with Olusosun ? (2)
-A lot of workers wer no shoes or have no gobes meaning shar obects can cut worers .
-Natural gases build up especially udner decomposing aste especially when its dry , Leading to fires that are diffcult toe xitnguish .
Social opportunities in Lagos ?
Lagos has better access to services and resources than rural Nigeri ;
1. There are more healthcare centers , hospitals , and a better range of medicines in Lagos .
2.Almost 90% of Nigerian children in urban areas atend primary school-only around 60% in rural areas attend school . The state in Lagos is in has almost 20,000 schools .
Social opportuntiies in Lgaos (2) ?
3.Lagos has better access to electricity than much of Nigeria - the city uses about 40 % of the country’s electricity supply . Many people can light their homes and cook more esily .
4.Water treatment plants provide sae water that is piped directly to some areas of the city .
Economic Opportunties (1)
Incomes can be four times higher in Lagos than in rurla Nigeria , so many people migrate in search of better paid jobs .
- rAPID GROWTH MEANS THAT THERE ARE LOTS OF CONSTRUCTION JOBS , E.G BUILDING THE NEW COMMERICAL CENTER eKO aTLANTIC .
2.lAGOS IS HOME TO MANY OF HE COUNTRY’S BANKS , GOVERNMENTS and manufacturing industeirs , aslo there are two major ports for growing fishing industry .
Economic Opportunities
3.Lagos is also having a thriving film and music industry - ‘Nollywood; films are very popular .
One of the problems Lagos is facing due to rapid growth ?
SLUMS AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS .
1.House contruction can’t keep up with Lagos’ popuaiton growth , increasing house prices and making them too costyly for many opele .
-As a result 67& of people in Lagos live in illegal settlements (SLUMS).
-HouSES IN SLUMS ARE OFTEN FLIMSY WOODEN HUTS . They are built illgeally , people face eviction if slums are demolished to clean up the city .
Another problem Lagos is facing due to rapid growth ?
ACESS TO CLEAN WATER , SANITIATION AND ENERGY .
1.Water - only about 40 % of the city is connected to the state water supply . Water is in such short supply that people pay hugely inflated prices ,t o get water from informal sellers .
2.Sanitition - up to 15 households can share a toliet , and waste often goes striaght into locl water ssources . Contaminated water cn cause health care problems , e.g cholera .
3.Energy - Lagos dosen’t have enough eelctricity to power the whole city a one , so neighbourhoods take it in turns . SOme poeple get electricity from illgeal connections ,bbut these often cut out .
Final problem Lagos is facing due ot rapid growth ?
ACESS TO HEALTH AND EDUCATION
1.There aren’t enoguh healthcare facilities for everyone , and many people can’t afford treatment .
2.There aren’t enough schools for the growing populaiton )e.g there is only one primary school in the Makoko slum ) and mny families can’t afford to sned thier children to school .
How is unemployemnt and crime a problem due to rpid growth ?
-As many jobs are in the informal sector , there aren’t enough jobs for the growing populaiton , people have to find ways to make moeney . e.g by scavenging items to sell from rubbish dumps .
-About 60% of the opulaiton work in infromal jos without an legal protection . E.g street sellers’ stalls may be bulldoxied ot make wa for new developments .
-There are high levels of crime - many slums , e.g Makoko , are patrolled by gangs called ‘area boys ‘ who commit crimes and police the slum themselevs .
eNVRIONEMNTAL ISSUES due to rapid growth )1) ?
1.The huge population produces over 9000 tonnes of waste a day . Only about 40 % of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps e.g Olusosun which contain toxic waste .
2.Waste disposal and emission fromf actories are not regulated or controlled , leading to water and air pollution .
Environmental Issues DUE to Rapid growth )2_ ?
3Traffic congestion is really bad - many workers face 2-horu commutes in rush hours known as the ‘go slow’.
-Limited public transport and poor links to the city center worsen this problem . The sever congestion leads to further air pollution .
Where do most squatters settle ?
-Most squatters are along the lagoon , youc n do fishing and trading there .
-They are clsoe to the town center ,a s gthat is aopportunity for jobs , watse and recyling .
NO SUWATTERS IN VICOTRIA ISLAND AND THAT IS HIGER UPPER CLASS , no job opportuntiies thwr .
Squatter settlemetns ?
-Area areas of POOR QUALITY HOUSING , lack of amneities such aas WATER SUPPLIES , SEWARAGE AND ELECCTRICITY , which ofteen devleops SPONTANEOUSLY and ILLEGALLY in a city in a LOW INCOME country .
Squatter settlements , housing densitry ?
-People in Lagos liv einpalces without acss to basic necessities of a ‘hom’ .
-38% OF PEOPLE HAV NO KIITCHEN , BATH OR TOILTS
-INCREASING THE NUMBER OF DISEASE AS FACILITIES ARE SHARED .
WATER SUPPLY , SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS ?
-Very difficult to find cleana water in Lagos ,
-66% of people find eater in wells or boreholes .
-If more than half the poeple are trying to find water in that way , thre won’t be a sufficent amount of water from anyone .
-Also sewage cp;;ected bys eptic tamk could also contmainate drinking water , leading to disease like cholera .
Toiltets , SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS ?
-People don’t have proper toilets in Lago , 55% of people go to the toilet in a pit lastrine , this sewage could thren effecg tpoepl collcting water in wells or e bore holes , contaminating water and leading to disease .
Street Vendors
-AVAILABLILTY
-PURITY
-SUSTAINABILITY
-not nenoguht for eceryone .
-licensed water , then its pure , otherwise may not be so have to be carefult .
-Not sustainabl , population growth meands won’t be enoguh for everyne .
Piped water
-AVAILABLILTY
-PURITY
-SUSTAINABILITY
-Only 10% of people have acess to it so it is uiet expensive .
-Water is clean and puriied .
-Not sustaible only 11% have cess , but nw water plant is said to be constructed so may increase .
Wells and Boreholes
-AVAILABLILTY
-PURITY
-SUSTAINABILITY
-Not enough for water -mor popl build means less uppl in the aquifers . In lagoon not posible .
-No , sewage from septic tanks can seep in contaminating it .
-Not sustainable , a lot of peole are doing it , not enough for everyone , as well as sea levels rising , adding salteate rinto freshwater supply , contaminating it . .
EXAM QUESTION : TO WHAT EXTENT IS LAGOS’ WATER SUPPLY SUSTAINABLE (6)
Write answer :))
Urban planning schmes to aim to improve quality of life in Lagos .
1.The poorest people in urban areas are often the worst affected by urban growth problems .
-Urban planning schemes can reduce the impact these problems have on people .
Urban planning schmes to aim to improve quality of life in Lagos . (20
-iN 2013 , THE mAOKOO FLOATING SCHOOL WAS A PROTOTYPE built by NLE works , to give some of the poorest children in Lagos , an acess to free ducation .
-The scheme aimed to increase Makok;s development ma and improve the quality of life of its residents .
Social benefits of Makoko floating school . (1)
-Up to 100 students could be educated for free - this meant that they didn’t need to wotk or scavenge to pay school fees .
Social benefits of Makoko floating school . (2)
-The school was built by unskilled workers - the skills they learnt , equipped them to build and repair their own homes .
Social benefits of Makoko floating school (3)
-The school was also used for local community meetings and activities , increasing Makoko’s community spirit .
Economic benefitrs of Makooko floaing school .(1)
-education improved local children’s job prospepcts .
-The school provided jobs for local teachers .
The school’s success encouraged the goverment to launch its Makok , Iwaya Regneration plan . This aims tto develop slums further , llike builidng those people homes ,a nd biogas plants to produce cooking gas for local people .
Environemntal benefits of Makoko floatinng school ? (1)
-The school was built using locally sourced materials , inclduing 250 floating barrels , This means the consturction didn’t harm the local environment and the repairs would be easy .
-The school’s buoyancy allowed it to adjsut to different water levels , and protect children from floods .
Environmental benefits of Makoko floating school (2)
-The school ran on solar power , so its energy needs were met in a sustainable way .
-The school collected rainwater to meet its water needs - this meant that it didn’t use resources thatthe local community relied o .
SAD PART of Makoko floating school .
-it collapsred after a sorm in 2016 , but Makoko’s residents vowed to reubuild it . Unveiled the planfor , a new stronger version o f school in 2016 .
EXAM QUESTION -EVALUATE CHALL VES FACED DUE TO RAPID RBANISTION IN LIC/NEE CITY (9marks.)
:)) write it
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
Intefrated transport system - all road , rail , and waterway networks link together ; 6 rail lines (Lagos Rail Mass Transit ) and 14 BRT routes
bus tranit routes is what it stannds for btw .
-This reduces the congestion as different poplr vsn take a different route to the same place .
-This means certain routes re also mroe vaulabe to due to different ways to acess same place .
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
Waterway network of ferries to make use of the water areas round Lagos (26 tansport routes )
-People get ferry to CBD , don’t need to use a road at all , taking traffic off the road entirely .
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
-Sepaarte bus lane (no markets or street vendors blocking the road )
-The bubs route is totally seprate , speeding up the rpocess nd reducing traffic .
-No street vendors also reduces the number of accidents .
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
-Mixed use developments - residenial close to commericl land use ?
-Means you can work to work , as you don;t need to commute by car , reducing traffic .
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
-A new airport awy fromt he congested urban are ?
-People don’t need to go through busy Lahos , to get to somewhere , SO shorter trabel time ,
HOW DOES IT REDUCE TRAFFIC ?
Improve walking and cyilng facilities
-Less people take cars reduing congestion s .
-Pavements will encourgae walking and cyocling .
,more safer = encourgament fo walking or cycling instead of car .
VIEWS ON EKO ATLANTIC
-As a panning strategy , I think it attarcats people who are welle ductae and have moved out of Lagos , new migrants however ,c annot be beenfited for htem , as it is too expensive for them , as there are 600,000 yearly wanting to live in LAAGos , With only 300,000 homes aailbe unfair .
-HWOEVER if those 500,000 jobs are going to the GDP of the governmen - as they are formal JObs , that tax could be used y Lagos’s governemnt to provdie faciitis . Msolty going to be TNCS , moving intp EKO-Atlantic.
-So i think floating communtities are a lot more benefical thn Eko-Atlantic ,a s it is providing help for the poor - people theat actually need it , raher than Eko-atlanic which is targeted at the rich , People int he slums struggle with water supply , pwoer duppy , and popualtion density . .
How tourism reduced the development gap example
JAMAICA
-populaiton of 2.7 million
-country has suffered from slow growth debt ns high unemployment .
physical atractions in jamaica
-beach attractions .
-deep sea fishings .
-caves
-botanic grden .
human attrctions in jamaica
museum
golf course
water sports
quick facts about Jamica
toursim in 2011 aaccounted to 24% of the coutired GDP .
-2013 tourism brought in 6,2 million people into Jamaica .
how has tourism conributed to Jamaica’s development
Tourism is imporrtant to th Jamaican econmy , generating taxes , employment and income .
-Over the last few decades , it has helped to raise the level od development .
what does jamiaca offer tourism
-offering beautiful eaches ,w ar sunnyc limate and irch cultural heritage .
-Jamaic neoys god internaltional ir coommunications and is a hub for cruise ships .
how ois tourism important to jamaica’s economy
-in 2014 , tourism contirbuted to 24% of Jamaicas gdp .
-expeced to rise to 32% in 202 .
impact of tourism to the enviornemnt of Jmica
-footpath erosion , harmful emissions .
-postive eenefits like conservation landcaping projects , providing job oppportunities and encouraging people o visit the land .
2 sectors in jamaica that have benefitted the most fromt ourism .
-Transport /communications and property (27%)
-these sectors benefit so mcuh s lots of toursts need to trael placed bpaking taxi bus driver a job opportuity .
-Lots of hotel vilas needed for tourists .
how has toursim boost the economy of local communities .
It porvides 100,000 jobs for people either direclt inhotel and trasport toursit attracts or indirecly in shops , manufaotirng or banking .
improvement to the infrastructure and the environment help to increse touris and boost the economy .
imporvement to infrastructure provide a place for the tourists to stya in . Also porviidng job opportunities , especialy in key tourists attractions imporving the eocnom .
Explain how tourism is seen as w way to reduce the develoment gap (6)
Tourism is one of Jamaicas top sources of revenue .
-The industry contributeds to over 50 % of the countrys total foreign exchange earnign (approx 2 billion) .
-Touris employs the secon alrgest number of jamai ans (200k)directily in hotels transporrts and attractions .
-As wela s trading , manufacutirng and banking .
-Tourism is jamaica also beenfits locals htoeugh the sale of produce to hotels . Example is The Jamaicas sandal resorts farmer porgram ,w hich grew from 10 farmer in 1996 to supplu to towo hotels . This increased to 80 farer in 2004 , supplying faremr fromw orldwide .
-There have also been considerbale investmens in infrasturcutre to accomodate touirsts .
-Port fetures havee xtended s have aiports and road infrasturcutre . Many epople in toursit attractn arreas have beenefited of a improved quality of lfie due to tourism.
Where is NIgeria
NIgeria is int he west of Africa . NOrf of the equator and east of the prime meriddean .
What is the global importance of nigeria ?
-In 2014 nigeria become worlds 21st largest economy .
-12th largest prodcuer of oil in the world .
-contirbuted to the fith laest contirbutor to UN peckeepigng around the world .
Improtance ofnigeria in africa
-ijghest gdp in the ocintnent of africa .
-third largest manufactuing secotr .
-nigeria has 19 million cattle , the largets in anya fricna country .
Nigeria in the political context importance
-in thr 1960s manny african countires cgained indpendce from eurpopena nations .
-civilw ars dicators mean tltitle devleopeltn .
NOW there re free and fair election and stbael goverment .
-foreign companies re now starting toinvet (micorosft_
Nigeira i the socila context
-nigeria is multi ethnnic an dmutoi faiht . Diveristy is a strength but also a conflict like Bokohram ,
-cilivl war when one group tired to sperte formr est of nigeria .
-economic ineuqlaity led to north and souh diide due to religion bokoharm , nirh beain silam , nad catle deminf nuch pooorer then the tropical go cash crops oil SOUTH .
Nigeira i the socila context
-nigeria is multi ethnnic an dmutoi faiht . Diveristy is a strength but also a conflict like Bokohram ,
-cilivl war when one group tired to sperte formr est of nigeria .
-economic ineuqlaity led to north and souh diide due to religion bokoharm , nirh beain silam , nad catle deminf nuch pooorer then the tropical go cash crops oil SOUTH .
Nigeria int he cultural context
-nigeria has its own music and cinema ‘nollywood; enjoyred cross the ocuntry ndthird lsrgets film produciton int hrworld .
-nigeria hae won african cip three times and plaed in premier league laod of itme s.
how has politcs shaped econimic devleopemt in nigeria (4makrs)
in the pst , nigeria was colonisedby the uk , this meant that nigeria was stripped from its resources and took poeple supresing thier eocnomic developments .
-However int he 1960s ,when the country has gained its idendpendance , conflict arose agaisn t whow as in cotnrol of the country , restrciitng deleopet .
Howveer in 1999 they have been free and fair elections ,a dnt here is a stbale goverment , allowing nigeria to develop and it is currenl a NEE.
How has soicla and poltiica c onflical colfict affected developemnt innigeria.
around 500ethnicities i nigeria nd multifisth country .
-ths iahs been the countries osurce of conflic . Divide bentween orth being islamic and osuth being chirstinai , in 1960 as a war tyrna septe one group than other . For exmpl bokohram a terroirs tgroup want the howle couotnry to be islamic . leading ot colfift .
NIgerias manufacturing sector is growing and helpin to boost econmic developent in the country .
regualr paid work gives people a secure income toimprove thier own lives . Alos the income for the government fromt axes increases which can be spent on services (health and education _.
–mNAY MANUFACUTRED GOODA ARE AVILABE FOR LCOLA PEOPLE TO BUT .
-mULTIPLIER EFFECT occurs (manacturing cars need parts so botehr nigerin bussienss benefit rom suppling part s.g)
-attracts foriegn companties ot estballish and incest in nigeria creaing mroe jobs .
TNCS IN NIGERIA .
-A TNC usally hs its hedwauters in hic porducion nee lic .
unliver makes osap in nigieria using nigeirna gornw palmoil employign 1500 .
workin wihtlcoal cutlual markets makes usre standards of meplotments ar ehigh and owrkers cared for .
Shell Oil also operate in nigeria howevebr
-oil spills have caused water pollutiona =nd damagd the land reducing agricultural and fishing yeilds .
-toixc fumers are polluting the air .
-Militan tgroups disruptp the oil supply .
-Oilt heft is costing the govenemtn and TNCS iilliosn of dolars a yea r
asses the costso and benefits of TNCS In nigeria (6marka)
check sheet for answer.
Impacts of intenraitonal Aid WHYD OES NIGERIA RECIEVE INTENRAITONAL AID .
-eenthough the country s developing rpaldy , any people are stilporo .
-with imtied acesd ot saf water helath and edcuations erviced and reibiltiy of electirict .
- percent of the populaiton live on less than 63p a day .
-birth rates and infan tmortlityr ates are hihg ,life expectnacy low expecil north .
-MOst aid comes formw orld bnk uk and usa . .Howveerm ost succsful ids is from ngos delvieirng help WHERE IT IS NEEDED , sothat no mone is wasted .
Howver , aid is not always used effectively in nigeri becuase
-corruption i the governemnt and individuals mean aid is lsot or not given toright people .
-thereh ve beenc alims aid moen is used to uspply the navy .
-donors of aid may hae politicl infleilcue over whod oes and ode snot benefit They amy use odnaitons to promote themselves.
How does nigeira benefir froma AID
-nets for live porvide eudaciton onmlaraia na digves mosquito nets ot hosueholds to prevent the spread of the disease .
-world bank funded loans helpt to businesses ot diversity the eoomy away from being dependnent on oil ,s o that new businesses nad indsutries are devleoped .
-the uk govenrment had uned hiv health rpogramme sin uruarl ares , helping ppla gaisnt infciotn in the future nad improve htier lives .
How does indstrial growth affect the environemtn
-nigeria has 5000 inudstirl plants and 10k smll scl eindustires . FAST ND UNCHECKED GROWTH OF INDUSTYR HAS LED TO ENVIOIREMTNAL ISSUES LIKE ;
-POLLUTION OF NEARY LAND AND RIVVERS AS TOXIC WASTE IS DUMPED OR LEAKS .
-hARMFUL POLLUTAT SGO INTO OPEND RIANS PUTTING POEPLE AND EOCSYTEMS AT RISK .
-BREATHING PROBLEM SFROM FUME S.
HOW HAS URBAN GROWHT EFFECTE enviroment
-squatter settleent in cities .
-services like health euducsiton ot kept up with groiwgn cities .
-waste idpsola major sisue just dumeped ons ittieis .
-traffic ocngesiton cretes high elvel f pollution .
how has mienral and oil extraction effected econimic growth
-minig foraw materials nad preciosu metla slewad to damaging eocsytem s, effecitn gppls live .
-TIn minign has led to soile roisin and lcoal wter uspplies polluted iwht otix chemicals.
-oil spils have damaged frwsh water and marine ecosutme sleading ot lossof species na dunhealhtye ocystme s.
-oil spills cn cuase fires which relwasehuge amounts of c02 causing acid rian .
do six marker at end of page .
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