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P: week 2 Flashcards

0
Q

what is the non-specific physical & chemical defences?

A

barriers = skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, lysozyme in tears

expulsion = coughing, sneezing, vom, diarrhea

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1
Q

what are the barriers to invasion?

A
  1. non-specific physical and chemical defences
  2. innate immunity (natural)
  3. adaptive immunity (acquired)
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2
Q

what cells are involved with innate immunity?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

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3
Q

what is involved in adaptive immunity?

A

cellular(cytotoxic)
humoral(antibodies)

T and B lymphocytes

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4
Q

what do B lymphocytes become?

A

B lymph -> plasma cell -> antibodies

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5
Q

which granulocytes circulate within the blood?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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6
Q

role of neutrophils?

A

recruited to sites of inflammation and bacterial infection

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7
Q

role of eosinophils and basophils:

A

involved in allergic inflammation and protection against parasitic infection

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8
Q

what granulocytes are within the tissue?

A

mast cells

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9
Q

role of mast cells?

A

facilitate inflammatory response, involved in allergic and anaphylactic reactions

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10
Q

what do monocytes do?

A

monocytes DIFFERENTIATE into macrophages - can reside within the tissue or travel within blood stream

ROLE: assist in phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms and antigen presentation

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11
Q

location of dendritic cells and what immune response they are involved in:

A

initially reside within the tissue in contact with the outside environment

INNATE immune

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12
Q

roles of immune system?

A
  1. defense against infection
  2. defense against tumors
  3. can injure cells & induce pathologic inflammation
  4. recognize & responds to tissue grafts & newly introduced proteins
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13
Q

role of antigen:

A
  1. identify antigen
  2. engulf
  3. move to local lymph node present to lymphocytes
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14
Q

where do B & T cells reside?

A

circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues

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15
Q

B lymphocyte + antigen = ??

A

antibody secreting plasma cells

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16
Q

T lymphocytes + antigen = ??

A

effector T cells

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17
Q

what are macrophages role in lymph nodes?

A

destroy microorganisms & debris

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18
Q

what are lymphocytes role in lymph nodes?

A

activated & mount attack against antigens

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19
Q

what are the lines of defense in order?

A
  1. Skin (keratinization, very tight desmosomes, hair, sweat low pH)
  2. Innate - Non-Specific = fast,
  3. Adaptive = slow, memory
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20
Q

steps in phagocytosis

A
  1. bacteria
  2. phagosome
  3. phagolysosome
  4. digested bacteria
  5. release into extracellular
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21
Q

what are the classes of antibodies?

A 
ig G - good memory
ig M - same response everytime 
ig A
ig E
ig D
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22
Q

what happens after first line of defence fails?

A 
first line = skin
inflammation follows aiming to:
1. eliminating the initial cause of cell injury 
2. remove necrotic cells & tissue
3. initiate process of repair
23
Q

how is fibrin formed? and what is its role?

A

formed following cleavage of plasma protein fibrinogen

fibrin sticks platelets together to form clots

24
what is acute inflammatory response characterised by?
presence of lots of neutrophils | bacterial invasion attracts lots of neutrophils
25
how do neutrophils remove bacteria?
- release free radicals | - release lysosomal enzymes
26
how do leukocytes get to the site of injury from blood?
1. migration = move to the periphery of blood vessel 2. rolling = interacting with adhesion molecules 3. adhesion = binds to single receptor 4. diapedesis(transmigration) = migrate through 5. chemotaxis = follow chemical gradient to site of injury
27
what are the 4 types of exudate?
1. purulent = puss consisting of neutrophils(once neutrophils are at injury donot enter back into blood but die at the site and become puss) 2. fibrinous = greater permeability - more fibrin 3. serous = little protein in inflammatory fluid, less severe eg. blister 4. Haemorrhagic = out pouring of blood
28
what influences outcome of acute inflammation?
1. tissue type 2. extent of damage 3. type and duration
29
major events in acute inflammation
- increased blood flow (vasodilation) - increased permeability (widening of intercellular gaps between endothelial cells) - migration of neutrophils (capillaries & venules -> interstitial space)
30
role of fibrin:
network of fibrin prevents migration of micro-organisms, produces a scaffold which assists in the migration of neutrophils and macrophages through the damaged area - Blood Clotting
31
what is inflammatory exudate?
protein rich fluid and cells that have escaped from blood vessels due to an increase in vascular permeability(like in inflammation)
32
role of inflammatory exudate?
- carries proteins, fluid an cells from local blood vessels into damaged area to mediate local defences - components of the exudate are able to destroy the infective causative agent
33
role and origin of chemical mediators in inflammation
locally produced at site of inflammation or circulate in plasma as INactive precursors their role is to orchestrate the acute immune response
34
major signs of acute inflammation and its cause:
redness = vasodilation increased blood flow heat = " " " " pain = pressure effects on nerve endings and chemical factors swelling = accumulation of exudate (permeability) loss of function = damage of tissue swelling and pain
35
what is the acute phase response of inflammation?
release of chemical mediators that orchestrate the local result also causes systemic effects like fever, decreased appetite, increase pulse, leukocytosis = increase WBC(bone)
36
describe the subtypes of acute inflammation:
1. purulent = large quantities of pus(neutrophil, necrotic cells, oedema) - complication of purulent inflammation = abscess, localised area of tissue necrosis with live and dead neutrophils, fibrosis can wall off 2. fibrinous = vessels permeable to fibrin 3. serous = outpouring of thin fluid(blisters) 4. haemorragic = outpouring of blood from significant vessel damage
37
which is NOT an inflammatory exudate? | fibrous, fibrinous?
fibrous
38
define chronic inflammation?
inflammation of prolonged duration(weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts to repair are proceeding simultaneously
39
types of inflammatory mediators:
1. Plasma Inflammatory Mediators - complement proteins - kinins 2. Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediators -
40
cells in surrounding tissues?
dendritic cells mast cells (contains histamine granules) macrophages
41
role of histamine?
histamine released from mast cells in surrounding tissue triggers vasodilation and increase vascular permeability => WBC come to site pf injury
42
what do the macrophages do?
release cytokines which have local and systematic effects(fever WBC)
43
monocytes leave blood and enter surrounding tissue to become?
macrophages
44
outline the differences between acute and chronic responses:
duration vascular change occurs in acute but not chronic contents of cellular infiltrate odema occurs in acute but not chronic tissue destruction & repair happens constantly in chronic but not acute
45
where are lymphocytes made and matured?
``` B = Bone marrow T = Thymus ``` Both are made in bone marrow but T lymphocytes mature in thymus
46
``` T cells = cell mediated immunity function of T helper cells: ```
- produce cytokines, promoting the differentiation of B cells - activate macrophages and T cytotoxic cells the "help" the B cells (y)
47
function of T cytotoxic cells:
produce cytotoxic granules | kill antigens by release of perforin or via apoptosis
48
what is an epitope?
specific piece of the antigen that antibodies bind to
49
what do the surface receptors of T lymphocytes recognise?
they recognise antigen epitopes
50
what do surface receptors of B lymphocytes recognise?
recognise soluble antigens and antigens
51
what can activated B lymphocytes differentiate into? and what promotes this
plasma cells cytokines produced by T lymphocytes promote this differentiation ALSO some remain as B memory lymphocytes
52
how do plasma cells form?
differentiate from B cells -> plasmablasts -> plasma cells
53
characteristics of plasma cells?
- eccentric nucleus (not center) - basophilic cytoplasm - antibody production
54
what are common morphologic patterns of chronic inflammation?
1. chronic non-suppurative inflammation 2. chronic suppurative inflammation 3. granulomatous inflammation
55
what does cell infiltration of chronic inflammation consist of?
``` macrophages lymphocytes plasma cells eosinophils multinucleated giant cells ```

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