N: MCQs Flashcards by raphaela wiget

define Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)

Sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population
OR
the requirement of a nutrient that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all members of a healthy population

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Marie has a total daily energy need calculated as 2500 kcal. Her recommend fat intake is 25% of energy needs. How much fat should Marie consume in an average day?

625 kcal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which major food group is rich in protein, niacin, thiamine, vit B 12, iron, magnesium, potassium and z

meat, fish, poultry, eggs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If a food contains 3 g of fibre and 7 g of sugars in 30 g total carbohydrate, what does the other 20 g consist of?

complex carbhydrates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases , proteases and bicarbonate?

pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Larger fats and fat-‐soluble vitamins are absorbed into the body via:

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is Glycaemic index?

a measure of how much a particular food raises blood glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Dietary Guidelines for Australians says that saturated and trans fats together should be limited to what % of daily energy intake?

10%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which part of the wheat grain contains the most vitamins and minerals?

bran

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases, proteases and bicarbonate?

pancreatic juice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into body via?

lymphatic system
they form chylomicrons which are too large to pass through capillaries
lymphatic system -> BYPASS liver and enter blood stream close to heart -> hepatic portal vein -> liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a major cause of peptide ulcers is:

helicobacter pylori bacteria

causes a build up of mucus in stomach leading to tissue erosion and antibiotics => ulcers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endosperm is the part of the wheat grain that:

is the source of white flour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

role of secretin hormone:

stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juices into the duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

role of gastrin hormone?

stimulates stomach glands to secrete HCl

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

role of cholecystokinin(CCK) hormone:

causes gallbladder contraction releasing bile into the SI

-> bile to emulsify fats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what causes cells to take up glucose from blood?

insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what causes cells to release glucose into blood?

glucagon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are carbohydrates composed of?

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

glucose has how many carbon atoms?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sucrose is a disaccharide composed of:

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is diabetes type 2 most commonly caused by?

too much fat in the diet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are 4 things that dietary fibre causes in the body?

1) interferes(increases) with iron, calcium and zinc absorption
2) delayed stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness
3) decreased rate of glucose absorption
4) protection against colon cancer by removing causative agents from the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR):

resting energy expenditure as an individual wakes in the morning

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are 4 major factors influencing basal metabolic rate?

1) height 2) age 3) environmental temperature 4) body composition

what hormones control blood glucose levels?

insulin glucagon adrenaline?

4 effects of a high fibre diet?

1) can cause dehydration and abdominal discomfort 2) binds cholesterol-rich bile salts preventing their reabsorption 3) binds some toxins reducing their absorption 4) delays stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness

which hormone signals gallbladder to release bile?

cholecytokinin (CCK)

larger fats are absorbed and distributed around the body firstly as:

chylomicrons ..too large for capillaries

when energy is plentiful acetyl-CoA can be converted into which molecule?

fatty acids

where does the electron transport train occur?

inner membrane of the mitochondrion

which energy-related molecules are produced during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

NADH, FADH2 and GTP

4 health risks for underweight females:

1) menstrual irregularities 2) inadequate energy reserves to maintain good health 3) poor bone health 4) in fertility

in periods of prolonged fasting ketone bodies are particularly important for energy supply to which organ?

brain

what co-enzymes does the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA involve?

co-enzyme A FAD NAD+ ATP x 2

in alcohol metabolism ethanol is first converted into which molecule?

acetaldehyde

which body organ determines amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body's requirement?

liver!

what macronutrient has the potential to make ketone bodies?

fatty acids

what are glucose and fatty acids primarily used for?

energy

what can glucose be made from?

all carbs some amino acids glycerol portion of fat

if nitrogen is available what can glucose be made into?

non essential amino acids

if energy yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, what are they converted into?

fatty acids and fats

triglycerides consist of three fatty acid chains linked to which molecule?

glycerol

short and medium-chain fatty acids are mainly found in which foods?

veg oils

how to differentiate between omega 3 & 6

position of double bond | count carbons from NOT carboxylic acid end

the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family is involved in fat absorption from the intestine is called:

AHH SHEIT I DUNNO | - find this answer lazy ass

the energy content of fats and oils is?

9 kcal/gram

in periods of starvation where body glucose is depleted, fat can be converted to which energy source?

ketone bodies

how many different amino acids are incorporated into proteins?

proteins consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen plus which other element:

phosphorus

positive nitrogen status means there is:

an increase in mass of muscles, organs and other tissues

which food has protein in the highest of biological value:

egg

the process of glycolysis occurs in:

in the cytoplasm

what is the net gain from 1 glucose molecule processed to pyruvate by glycolysis:

2 ATP as 2 ATP needed and 4 ATP made

net energy gain from 1 carb

30-32

net energy gain from one 16 carbon fatty acid?

129 ATPs

how many carbon atoms are removed at a time from a fatty acid to bind with co-enzyme A to form acetyl-CoA?

fat soluble vitamins:

A, D, E, K

most vitamins have which function in the body?

co-enzyme

excess carb in the diet MAINLY contributes to obesity by which mechanism?

excess carb spare both dietary and body fat from breakdown for energy

what is the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family involved in fat absorption from the intestine?

chylomicron

what is the main purpose of high levels of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

denaturation of proteins

vit D deficiency causes which disease?

rickets

what are the symptoms of rickets?

bowed legs, rib deformaties, growth retardation

which vitamin is routinely recommended as a supplement during pregnancy to prevent spina bifida?

folate

which vit is not a co-enzyme involved in energy production

cobalamin

vit C is particularly important for the function of which protein:

collagen

2 vitamins important for DNA synthesis?

folate and B12 cobalamin

which organ converts vit D into its final active form:

kidney

what is the process that converts vit D into its active form?

hydroxylation

which vitamin is particularly important for normal vision:

vit A

beta-carotene is a plant form of which vitamin:

vit A

in dehydration or burns, when does water loss usually become fatal:

20%

which is the major mineral found in the body:

calcium

which food has the highest bioavailability of calcium:

broccoli

which vitamin can improve iron absorption by up to 5 times?

vit C

excessive intake of iron can cause deficiency in which mineral?

zinc | as it prevents adequate absorption

iodine is especially important for the function of which organ?

thyroid

what would maternal deficiency of iodine cause?

cretinism | => congenital disease: mental and physical retardation

how much does daily energy increase in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

450kcal

how much does daily energy increase in 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

350kcal

recommended weight gain during pregnancy for women in healthy weight range is?

11.5-16kg

the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 40 is:

1:100

the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 30 is:

1:300

maternal breast milk is better than formulae milk because?

it provides immunological protection | colostrum fluid

when should cows milk be introduced to an infant?

1 year

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 10 year old child?

2000kcal

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 6 year old child?

1600kcal

what is the average daily energy requirement of a 1 year old child?

800kcal

during starvation body protein provides what percentage of the body's glucose needs?

90%

during protein deamination, the nitrogen from the amino acid is first converted into what chemical?

NH3 | then converted to urea

which body organ deaminates amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body's requirements:

liver

transamination involves the transfer of amino group of an amino acid to what molecule?

a keto acid

in metabolism some amino acids can be metabolised via:

conversion to pyruvate conversion to acetyl CoA direct conversion to tricarboxylic acid cycle components

a 1 year infant should gain what % of daily energy from fat?

50%

the consumption of which food group reduces risk of gout? and how

dairy by lowering blood uric acid levels

as we age, energy needs decrease by what percent?

2.5%

what is hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state:

an acute complication of diabetes - can be first sign of diabetes in older person - bought on by infection/illness - can cause neurological problems - Bglucose exceed 33mmol/L

4 common chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include:

- retinopathy - peripheral neuropathy - kidney disease - atherosclerosis

in treatment of diabetes type 1 which factor is most important?

controlling total daily carb intake

in patients with diabetes, saturated fat should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?

in patients with diabetes, protein should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?

15-20%

poorly controlled diabetes, strong smelling breath usually associated with:

ketoacidosis

with respect to nutrient reference values the RDI can be defined as?

sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population

what is a standard cup of milk?

250ml

what is a standard cup of fruit?

150g

what is a standard cup of rice?

180g

what is a standard cup of flour?

30g

what is a standard cup of porridge?

230g

what macro group is saccharide

carbohydrate

what 3 oils have the highest poly unsaturated fatty acid content?

flaxseed soybean walnut

according to the national heart foundation guidelines(2001) total fasting blood cholesterol should be:

below 4.0 mmol/L

why are legumes so high in protein compared to many other plants:

their roots are more efficient at extracting nitrogen from the soil

in periods of starvation where body glucose levels are depleted, fatty acids can be converted to which energy source?

ketone bodies

transamination is a process for?

interconversion of amino acid

hydrodenstiometry involves:

measurment of body fat in water

with weight loss, fat cells:

decrease in size only

vit K is essential for

blood clotting

which food has lowest bioavailability of calcium?

spinach

kwashiorkor is a disease caused by inadequate intake of?

protein

in nutritional assessment SOAP stands for?

Subjective Objective Aassessment Plan

what are the 4 main approaches to recording food intake data?

24-hour recall food frequency questionnaire written food record direct observation

risk factors for gestational diabetes:

- BMI > 25, excessive weight gain during pregnancy - age >25 - previous high birth weight/diabetes - ethnicity

which nutrients are most likely to be deficient in adolescents:

calcium and iron

which nutrient has research linked to delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease:

omega 3 fatty acids

to prevent the occurrence of colon cancer you would nutritionally recommend:

high fiber?

what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

high fiber diet

what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?

bacteria infection - helicobacter pylori

patients with diabetes should have an average intake of cholesterol of?

<200mg

risk factors for malnutrition in older adults:

``` Disease/illness Eating Toohless Economic hardship Reduced social contact Multiple medications Involuntary weightloss Needs assistance Elderly person ```

Resting metabolic rate is highest in the 1-2 hour period following ingestion of which food type?

fat and protein

Which major food group provides little iron but is rich in protein, vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, magnesium and potassium?

dairy products

Milk fats are generally absorbed into the body via:

blood capillaries

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of

2 glucose

List FIVE principles (not food groups) that are essential in planning a healthy diet.

adequacy, balance, calorie control, nutrient density, moderation, variety

what supplements may be required in plant-only diets:

iron calcium vit B12 vit D