N: MCQs Flashcards
define Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)
Sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population
OR
the requirement of a nutrient that will meet the nutritional needs of almost all members of a healthy population
Marie has a total daily energy need calculated as 2500 kcal. Her recommend fat intake is 25% of energy needs. How much fat should Marie consume in an average day?
625 kcal
Which major food group is rich in protein, niacin, thiamine, vit B 12, iron, magnesium, potassium and z
meat, fish, poultry, eggs
If a food contains 3 g of fibre and 7 g of sugars in 30 g total carbohydrate, what does the other 20 g consist of?
complex carbhydrates
Which digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases , proteases and bicarbonate?
pancreatic juice
Larger fats and fat-‐soluble vitamins are absorbed into the body via:
lymphatic system
what is Glycaemic index?
a measure of how much a particular food raises blood glucose
The Dietary Guidelines for Australians says that saturated and trans fats together should be limited to what % of daily energy intake?
10%
which part of the wheat grain contains the most vitamins and minerals?
bran
what digestive fluid contains carbohydrases, lipases, proteases and bicarbonate?
pancreatic juice
larger fats and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed into body via?
lymphatic system
they form chylomicrons which are too large to pass through capillaries
lymphatic system -> BYPASS liver and enter blood stream close to heart -> hepatic portal vein -> liver
a major cause of peptide ulcers is:
helicobacter pylori bacteria
causes a build up of mucus in stomach leading to tissue erosion and antibiotics => ulcers
endosperm is the part of the wheat grain that:
is the source of white flour
role of secretin hormone:
stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich juices into the duodenum
role of gastrin hormone?
stimulates stomach glands to secrete HCl
role of cholecystokinin(CCK) hormone:
causes gallbladder contraction releasing bile into the SI
-> bile to emulsify fats
what causes cells to take up glucose from blood?
insulin
what causes cells to release glucose into blood?
glucagon
what are carbohydrates composed of?
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
glucose has how many carbon atoms?
6!
sucrose is a disaccharide composed of:
glucose and fructose
what is diabetes type 2 most commonly caused by?
too much fat in the diet
what are 4 things that dietary fibre causes in the body?
1) interferes(increases) with iron, calcium and zinc absorption
2) delayed stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness
3) decreased rate of glucose absorption
4) protection against colon cancer by removing causative agents from the body
define Basal Metabolic Rate(BMR):
resting energy expenditure as an individual wakes in the morning
what are 4 major factors influencing basal metabolic rate?
1) height
2) age
3) environmental temperature
4) body composition
what hormones control blood glucose levels?
insulin
glucagon
adrenaline?
4 effects of a high fibre diet?
1) can cause dehydration and abdominal discomfort
2) binds cholesterol-rich bile salts preventing their reabsorption
3) binds some toxins reducing their absorption
4) delays stomach emptying creating a feeling of fullness
which hormone signals gallbladder to release bile?
cholecytokinin (CCK)
larger fats are absorbed and distributed around the body firstly as:
chylomicrons
..too large for capillaries
when energy is plentiful acetyl-CoA can be converted into which molecule?
fatty acids
where does the electron transport train occur?
inner membrane of the mitochondrion
which energy-related molecules are produced during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?
NADH, FADH2 and GTP
4 health risks for underweight females:
1) menstrual irregularities
2) inadequate energy reserves to maintain good health
3) poor bone health
4) in fertility
in periods of prolonged fasting ketone bodies are particularly important for energy supply to which organ?
brain
what co-enzymes does the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA involve?
co-enzyme A
FAD
NAD+
ATP x 2
in alcohol metabolism ethanol is first converted into which molecule?
acetaldehyde
which body organ determines amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body’s requirement?
liver!
what macronutrient has the potential to make ketone bodies?
fatty acids
what are glucose and fatty acids primarily used for?
energy
what can glucose be made from?
all carbs
some amino acids
glycerol portion of fat
if nitrogen is available what can glucose be made into?
non essential amino acids
if energy yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, what are they converted into?
fatty acids and fats
triglycerides consist of three fatty acid chains linked to which molecule?
glycerol
short and medium-chain fatty acids are mainly found in which foods?
veg oils
how to differentiate between omega 3 & 6
position of double bond
count carbons from NOT carboxylic acid end
the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family is involved in fat absorption from the intestine is called:
AHH SHEIT I DUNNO
- find this answer lazy ass
the energy content of fats and oils is?
9 kcal/gram
in periods of starvation where body glucose is depleted, fat can be converted to which energy source?
ketone bodies
how many different amino acids are incorporated into proteins?
20
proteins consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen plus which other element:
phosphorus
positive nitrogen status means there is:
an increase in mass of muscles, organs and other tissues
which food has protein in the highest of biological value:
egg
the process of glycolysis occurs in:
in the cytoplasm
what is the net gain from 1 glucose molecule processed to pyruvate by glycolysis:
2 ATP
as 2 ATP needed
and 4 ATP made
net energy gain from 1 carb
30-32
net energy gain from one 16 carbon fatty acid?
129 ATPs
how many carbon atoms are removed at a time from a fatty acid to bind with co-enzyme A to form acetyl-CoA?
2!
fat soluble vitamins:
A, D, E, K
most vitamins have which function in the body?
co-enzyme
excess carb in the diet MAINLY contributes to obesity by which mechanism?
excess carb spare both dietary and body fat from breakdown for energy
what is the largest and least dense member of the lipoprotein family involved in fat absorption from the intestine?
chylomicron
what is the main purpose of high levels of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
denaturation of proteins
vit D deficiency causes which disease?
rickets
what are the symptoms of rickets?
bowed legs, rib deformaties, growth retardation
which vitamin is routinely recommended as a supplement during pregnancy to prevent spina bifida?
folate
which vit is not a co-enzyme involved in energy production
cobalamin
vit C is particularly important for the function of which protein:
collagen
2 vitamins important for DNA synthesis?
folate and B12 cobalamin
which organ converts vit D into its final active form:
kidney
what is the process that converts vit D into its active form?
hydroxylation
which vitamin is particularly important for normal vision:
vit A
beta-carotene is a plant form of which vitamin:
vit A
in dehydration or burns, when does water loss usually become fatal:
20%
which is the major mineral found in the body:
calcium
which food has the highest bioavailability of calcium:
broccoli
which vitamin can improve iron absorption by up to 5 times?
vit C
excessive intake of iron can cause deficiency in which mineral?
zinc
as it prevents adequate absorption
iodine is especially important for the function of which organ?
thyroid
what would maternal deficiency of iodine cause?
cretinism
=> congenital disease: mental and physical retardation
how much does daily energy increase in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
450kcal
how much does daily energy increase in 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
350kcal
recommended weight gain during pregnancy for women in healthy weight range is?
11.5-16kg
the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 40 is:
1:100
the risk of having a down syndrome baby at the age of 30 is:
1:300
maternal breast milk is better than formulae milk because?
it provides immunological protection
colostrum fluid
when should cows milk be introduced to an infant?
1 year
what is the average daily energy requirement of a 10 year old child?
2000kcal
what is the average daily energy requirement of a 6 year old child?
1600kcal
what is the average daily energy requirement of a 1 year old child?
800kcal
during starvation body protein provides what percentage of the body’s glucose needs?
90%
during protein deamination, the nitrogen from the amino acid is first converted into what chemical?
NH3
then converted to urea
which body organ deaminates amino acids if dietary protein exceeds the body’s requirements:
liver
transamination involves the transfer of amino group of an amino acid to what molecule?
a keto acid
in metabolism some amino acids can be metabolised via:
conversion to pyruvate
conversion to acetyl CoA
direct conversion to tricarboxylic acid cycle components
a 1 year infant should gain what % of daily energy from fat?
50%
the consumption of which food group reduces risk of gout? and how
dairy
by lowering blood uric acid levels
as we age, energy needs decrease by what percent?
2.5%
what is hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic state:
an acute complication of diabetes
- can be first sign of diabetes in older person
- bought on by infection/illness
- can cause neurological problems
- Bglucose exceed 33mmol/L
4 common chronic complications of diabetes mellitus include:
- retinopathy
- peripheral neuropathy
- kidney disease
- atherosclerosis
in treatment of diabetes type 1 which factor is most important?
controlling total daily carb intake
in patients with diabetes, saturated fat should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?
7%
in patients with diabetes, protein should be limited to what percent of daily energy intake?
15-20%
poorly controlled diabetes, strong smelling breath usually associated with:
ketoacidosis
with respect to nutrient reference values the RDI can be defined as?
sufficient daily amount of nutrient to meet the needs of practically all of the healthy population
what is a standard cup of milk?
250ml
what is a standard cup of fruit?
150g
what is a standard cup of rice?
180g
what is a standard cup of flour?
30g
what is a standard cup of porridge?
230g
what macro group is saccharide
carbohydrate
what 3 oils have the highest poly unsaturated fatty acid content?
flaxseed
soybean
walnut
according to the national heart foundation guidelines(2001) total fasting blood cholesterol should be:
below 4.0 mmol/L
why are legumes so high in protein compared to many other plants:
their roots are more efficient at extracting nitrogen from the soil
in periods of starvation where body glucose levels are depleted, fatty acids can be converted to which energy source?
ketone bodies
transamination is a process for?
interconversion of amino acid
hydrodenstiometry involves:
measurment of body fat in water
with weight loss, fat cells:
decrease in size only
vit K is essential for
blood clotting
which food has lowest bioavailability of calcium?
spinach
kwashiorkor is a disease caused by inadequate intake of?
protein
in nutritional assessment SOAP stands for?
Subjective
Objective
Aassessment
Plan
what are the 4 main approaches to recording food intake data?
24-hour recall
food frequency questionnaire
written food record
direct observation
risk factors for gestational diabetes:
- BMI > 25, excessive weight gain during pregnancy
- age >25
- previous high birth weight/diabetes
- ethnicity
which nutrients are most likely to be deficient in adolescents:
calcium and iron
which nutrient has research linked to delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s disease:
omega 3 fatty acids
to prevent the occurrence of colon cancer you would nutritionally recommend:
high fiber?
what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?
high fiber diet
what is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease?
bacteria infection - helicobacter pylori
patients with diabetes should have an average intake of cholesterol of?
<200mg
risk factors for malnutrition in older adults:
Disease/illness Eating Toohless Economic hardship Reduced social contact Multiple medications Involuntary weightloss Needs assistance Elderly person
Resting metabolic rate is highest in the 1-2 hour period following ingestion of which food type?
fat and protein
Which major food group provides little iron but is rich in protein, vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, magnesium and potassium?
dairy products
Milk fats are generally absorbed into the body via:
blood capillaries
Maltose is a disaccharide composed of
2 glucose
List FIVE principles (not food groups) that are essential in planning a healthy diet.
adequacy, balance, calorie control, nutrient density, moderation, variety
what supplements may be required in plant-only diets:
iron
calcium
vit B12
vit D
