N: VIT & MINERAL Flashcards
what is the other name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
what are the main water soluble vitamins?
vitamin thiamin(B1), riboflavin(B2), niacin(B3), pantothenic(B5), pyridoxine 6, folate(B9), cobalomin(B12)
what is the other name for vitamin B2?
riboflavin
what is the other name for vitamin B3?
niacin
what is the other name for vitamin B5?
pantothenic acid
what is the other name for vitamin B6?
pyridoxine
what is the other name for vitamin B9?
folate
what is the other name for vitamin B12?
cobalamin
chief role of Thiamin(B1)?
coenzyme TPP
helps release energy from carb, needed for pyruvate ->acetyl-CoA
chief role of Riboflavin(B2)?
coenzymes FMN & FAD
helps release energy from carb, fat and protein
chief role of Niacin(B3)?
coenzyme NAD NADP
helps release energy from nutrients
chief role of Pyridoxide(B6)?
coenzyme PLP PMP
protein and fat metabolism
chief role of Folate(B9)?
coenzyme THF & DHF
red blood cell production
**folate needs B12 to function properly and activate it
chief role of Cobalamin(B12)?
helps maintain nerve cells
** activates folate
chief role of pantothenic acid(B5)?
coenzyme in energy metabolism
chief role of Biotin?
adding Carbon to pyruvate to Acetyle-CoA
chief role of vitamin C?
synthesis of collagen
antioxident
Thiamin(B1) deficiency?
Beri Beri
- irregular heart - cardiac problems
- apathy short term memory
- muscular weakness
Riboflavin(B2) deficiency?
ariboflavinosis (RARE)
- inflammed eyes- eye problems
- sore throat
- skin disorders around mouth and nose
Niacin(B3) deficiency?
pellagra
- diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vom
- depression, loss of appetite
- skin darkens and flakes in areas exposed to sun
Pyridoxine(B6) deficiency?
- anaemia
- scaly dermatitis
- nervous disorders
- muscle weakness
folate(B9) deficiency?
anaemia - megaloblasic, this is where RBC mishape and can no longer carry sufficient oxygen
heart burn,
..pregnancy? neural tube defect eg. spinabifidia
Cobalamin(B12) deficiency?
not likely as B12 is recycled
some diets are prone to deficiency vegan or strict veg
as B12 only found in animal product
-> depression and fatigue
pantothenic acid(B5) deficiency?
rare
- sleep disturbances
- nausea, fatigue
Biotin
- loss of appetite
- depression
- nausea
Vitamin C deficiency?
scurvy!
- anaemia
- depression
- poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums
high iron dietary intake can prevent adequate absorption of which mineral?
zinc
what is transferrin?
transporter protein in the blood
iron & zinc
why does high iron intake prevent adequate absorption of zinc?
iron & zinc are both absorbed into mucosal cells of GIT then released in blood bound to transferrin-> 50% binding sites open
if one of the two elements is in excess it can saturate available binding sites preventing the other element present in lower concentration from absorption into blood -> build up of this element will occur in cells
what needs to happen in order for vitamin B12 to be absorbed?
in order to be absorbed in the small intestine B12 needs to combine with intrinsic factor made by gastric cells and released into the stomach.
briefly explain why most people suffering from vit B12 deficiency require B12 injections rather than increased oral intake of vitamin:
vit 12 needs to combine with intrinsic factor protein made by gastric cells and released into stomach in order for it to be absorbed in the small intestine. Most people that have this deficiency are old and suffer from atrophic gastritis which reduces the amount of intrinsic factor therefore increasing dietary B12 will not work as there wont be enough intrinsic factor to combine with to allow absorption, only direct injection of B12 into the body will reverse this deficiency
list the 3 hormones/vitamins that control blood calcium levels:
1) parathyroid hormone
2) calcitonin
3) vit D
when blood Calcium levels fall, what factors bring it back up?
decrease in blood calcium -> increase in parathyroid hormone release
-> increase Ca resorption & vit D synthesis by kidney + Ca resorption from bone mineral
-> elevated vit D -> increased absorption from intestine
=> increase in blood calcium levels
when blood Calcium levels are too high, what factors bring it back down?
blood calcium too high -> increased release of calcitonin from thyroid into blood
-> inhibits vit D activation, calcium absorption from intestine, kidneys and bone
=> reducing blood calcium levels
which vitamin deficiency results in the disease rickets?
Vitamin D
name another source of this vitamin other than diet?
self synthesis with sunlight
which two body organs are involved in the activation of this vitamin?
liver
kidney
list symptoms of rickets:
1) inadequate calcification of bones
2) growth retardation
3) misshapen of ends of long bones - bowing of legs
4) deformities of ribs
which vitamin deficiency causes the disease scurvy?
vitamin c
which major body protein is affected by deficiency in this vitamin?
collagen
list 4 symptoms of vitamin C deficiency:
poor wound healing and frequent infections
rough skin
bone fragility and joint pain
muscle degeneration
function, deficiency and food source of vitamin A:
function: vision, growth and repair
deficiency: night blindness
food? fortified milk & dairy = retinol
spinach, dark leafy = beta carotene
function, deficiency and food source of vitamin D:
function: calcium and phosphorus metabolism
bone and tooth formation
deficiency: rickets
food? self synthesis from sun! -> via kidney and liver
fortified milk and margarine
function, deficiency and food source of vitamin E:
function: RBC protection, antioxidant
deficiency: muscle wasting weakness, RBC breakage
food? veg oil
green leafy veg
function, deficiency and food source of vitamin K?
function: synthesis of clotting protein
deficiency? haemorrhaging
decreased Ca in bone
food: bacterial synthesis in digestive tract, live, green leafy cabbage
function of water in the body:
- transports nutrients
- carries away waste
- moistens eyes, mouth and nose
- hydrates skin
- ensures adequate blood volume
- normal body temp
- lubricant around joint
major minerals essential for body function:
C x 2 = calcium and chloride
P x 2 = potassium and phosphorus
S x 2 = sodium and sulfur
M = magnesium
