N: VIT & MINERAL

Question 0

what is the other name for vitamin B1?

Answer 0

Thiamin

Question 1

what are the main water soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

vitamin thiamin(B1), riboflavin(B2), niacin(B3), pantothenic(B5), pyridoxine 6, folate(B9), cobalomin(B12)

Question 2

what is the other name for vitamin B2?

Answer 2

riboflavin

Question 3

what is the other name for vitamin B3?

Answer 3

niacin

Question 4

what is the other name for vitamin B5?

Answer 4

pantothenic acid

Question 5

what is the other name for vitamin B6?

Answer 5

pyridoxine

Question 6

what is the other name for vitamin B9?

Answer 6

folate

Question 7

what is the other name for vitamin B12?

Answer 7

cobalamin

Question 8

chief role of Thiamin(B1)?

Answer 8

coenzyme TPP

helps release energy from carb, needed for pyruvate ->acetyl-CoA

Question 9

chief role of Riboflavin(B2)?

Answer 9

coenzymes FMN & FAD

helps release energy from carb, fat and protein

Question 10

chief role of Niacin(B3)?

Answer 10

coenzyme NAD NADP

helps release energy from nutrients

Question 11

chief role of Pyridoxide(B6)?

Answer 11

coenzyme PLP PMP

protein and fat metabolism

Question 12

chief role of Folate(B9)?

Answer 12

coenzyme THF & DHF
red blood cell production
**folate needs B12 to function properly and activate it

Question 13

chief role of Cobalamin(B12)?

Answer 13

helps maintain nerve cells

** activates folate

Question 14

chief role of pantothenic acid(B5)?

Answer 14

coenzyme in energy metabolism

Question 15

chief role of Biotin?

Answer 15

adding Carbon to pyruvate to Acetyle-CoA

Question 16

chief role of vitamin C?

Answer 16

synthesis of collagen

antioxident

Question 17

Thiamin(B1) deficiency?

Answer 17

Beri Beri

• irregular heart - cardiac problems
• apathy short term memory
• muscular weakness

Question 18

Riboflavin(B2) deficiency?

Answer 18

ariboflavinosis (RARE)

• inflammed eyes- eye problems
• sore throat
• skin disorders around mouth and nose

Question 19

Niacin(B3) deficiency?

Answer 19

pellagra

• diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vom
• depression, loss of appetite
• skin darkens and flakes in areas exposed to sun

Question 20

Pyridoxine(B6) deficiency?

Answer 20

• anaemia
• scaly dermatitis
• nervous disorders
• muscle weakness

Question 21

folate(B9) deficiency?

Answer 21

anaemia - megaloblasic, this is where RBC mishape and can no longer carry sufficient oxygen
heart burn,

..pregnancy? neural tube defect eg. spinabifidia

Question 22

Cobalamin(B12) deficiency?

Answer 22

not likely as B12 is recycled
some diets are prone to deficiency vegan or strict veg
as B12 only found in animal product
-> depression and fatigue

Question 23

pantothenic acid(B5) deficiency?

Answer 23

rare

• sleep disturbances
• nausea, fatigue

Question 24

Biotin

Answer 24

- loss of appetite - depression - nausea

Question 25

Vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 25

scurvy! - anaemia - depression - poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums

Question 26

high iron dietary intake can prevent adequate absorption of which mineral?

Answer 26

zinc

Question 27

what is transferrin?

Answer 27

transporter protein in the blood | iron & zinc

Question 28

why does high iron intake prevent adequate absorption of zinc?

Answer 28

iron & zinc are both absorbed into mucosal cells of GIT then released in blood bound to transferrin-> 50% binding sites open if one of the two elements is in excess it can saturate available binding sites preventing the other element present in lower concentration from absorption into blood -> build up of this element will occur in cells

Question 29

what needs to happen in order for vitamin B12 to be absorbed?

Answer 29

in order to be absorbed in the small intestine B12 needs to combine with intrinsic factor made by gastric cells and released into the stomach.

Question 30

briefly explain why most people suffering from vit B12 deficiency require B12 injections rather than increased oral intake of vitamin:

Answer 30

vit 12 needs to combine with intrinsic factor protein made by gastric cells and released into stomach in order for it to be absorbed in the small intestine. Most people that have this deficiency are old and suffer from atrophic gastritis which reduces the amount of intrinsic factor therefore increasing dietary B12 will not work as there wont be enough intrinsic factor to combine with to allow absorption, only direct injection of B12 into the body will reverse this deficiency

Question 31

list the 3 hormones/vitamins that control blood calcium levels:

Answer 31

1) parathyroid hormone 2) calcitonin 3) vit D

Question 32

when blood Calcium levels fall, what factors bring it back up?

Answer 32

decrease in blood calcium -> increase in parathyroid hormone release -> increase Ca resorption & vit D synthesis by kidney + Ca resorption from bone mineral -> elevated vit D -> increased absorption from intestine => increase in blood calcium levels

Question 33

when blood Calcium levels are too high, what factors bring it back down?

Answer 33

blood calcium too high -> increased release of calcitonin from thyroid into blood -> inhibits vit D activation, calcium absorption from intestine, kidneys and bone => reducing blood calcium levels

Question 34

which vitamin deficiency results in the disease rickets?

Answer 34

Vitamin D

Question 35

name another source of this vitamin other than diet?

Answer 35

self synthesis with sunlight

Question 36

which two body organs are involved in the activation of this vitamin?

Answer 36

liver | kidney

Question 37

list symptoms of rickets:

Answer 37

1) inadequate calcification of bones 2) growth retardation 3) misshapen of ends of long bones - bowing of legs 4) deformities of ribs

Question 38

which vitamin deficiency causes the disease scurvy?

Answer 38

vitamin c

Question 39

which major body protein is affected by deficiency in this vitamin?

Answer 39

collagen

Question 40

list 4 symptoms of vitamin C deficiency:

Answer 40

poor wound healing and frequent infections rough skin bone fragility and joint pain muscle degeneration

Question 41

function, deficiency and food source of vitamin A:

Answer 41

function: vision, growth and repair deficiency: night blindness food? fortified milk & dairy = retinol spinach, dark leafy = beta carotene

Question 42

function, deficiency and food source of vitamin D:

Answer 42

function: calcium and phosphorus metabolism bone and tooth formation deficiency: rickets food? self synthesis from sun! -> via kidney and liver fortified milk and margarine

Question 43

function, deficiency and food source of vitamin E:

Answer 43

function: RBC protection, antioxidant deficiency: muscle wasting weakness, RBC breakage food? veg oil green leafy veg

Question 44

function, deficiency and food source of vitamin K?

Answer 44

function: synthesis of clotting protein deficiency? haemorrhaging decreased Ca in bone food: bacterial synthesis in digestive tract, live, green leafy cabbage

Question 45

function of water in the body:

Answer 45

- transports nutrients - carries away waste - moistens eyes, mouth and nose - hydrates skin - ensures adequate blood volume - normal body temp - lubricant around joint

Question 46

major minerals essential for body function:

Answer 46

C x 2 = calcium and chloride P x 2 = potassium and phosphorus S x 2 = sodium and sulfur M = magnesium