OXYGENATION Flashcards by Hanz Myko C. DIDULO

o a clear, odorless gas that constitutes
approximately 21% of the air we breathe, is
necessary for proper functioning of all living cells.

Oxygen

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▪ Shared pathway for air and food

Pharynx

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The function of the respiratory system is

gas exchange.

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o produces carbon dioxide, which must be
eliminated from the body to maintain normal acid–
base balance

Cellular metabolism

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▪ Externally identified as Adam’s apple
▪ Epiglottis is inlet

o Larynx

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(pressure in the
pleural cavity
surrounding the lungs)

Intrapleural pressure

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Lower respiratory tract contains

o Trachea
o Bronchi
o Bronchioles
o Alveoli

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o (pressure within the
lungs)

Intrapulmonary pressure

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degree of chest
expansion during
normal breathing is
minimal, requiring little
energy expenditure.

Tidal volume

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o collapse of a portion of
the lung

Atelectasis

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a lipoprotein produced
by specialized alveolar
cells, acts like a
detergent, reducing
the surface tension of
alveolar fluid

Surfactant

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Pressure exerted by each individual gas
in a mixture according to its
concentration in the mixture

o Partial pressure

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movement of gases or other particles from an area
of greater pressure or concentration to an area of
lower pressure or concentration

Diffusion

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Carbon dioxide
o Must be transported from tissues to lungs
o Continually produced in process of cell
metabolism
o 65% is carried inside RBCs as ____
o 30% combines with hemoglobin as
_____
o 5% transported in solution in plasma and as
_____

bicarbonate.

carbahemoglobin.

carbonic acid.

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Diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into pulmonary blood
vessels on

inspiration

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Diffusion of carbon dioxide from pulmonary blood vessels
into alveoli for

expiration

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is a chronic lung condition that is caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air.

Asbestosis

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97% of oxygen combines with ____ in red
blood cells and is carried to tissues as

hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin.

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Oxygen
o Transported from lungs to tissues
o 97% of oxygen

Remaining oxygen is dissolved and transported in

plasma (as PaO2)

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Normal hematocrit __% in
men, _____% in women

40–54

37–50

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Respiratory center in ____ of the
brain

medulla oblongata and pons

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of the lungs is black discoloration of bronchial mucosa that can occlude bronchial lumen and is associated with bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF)

Anthracosis

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o causes the bronchioles to dilate, increasing blood
flow and oxygen delivery to active muscles

Epinephrine

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A variety of medications can decrease the rate and depth
of respirations

Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics
Antianxiety drugs (e.g., diazepam [Valium], lorazepam
[Ativan], midazolam [Versed]), barbiturates (e.g.,
phenobarbital)
* Opioids such as morphine

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* Harsh, high-pitched sound in inspiration

▪ Stridor

▪ quiet, rhythmic, and effortless

Eupnea (normal)

▪ seen with fevers, metabolic acidosis, pain, and hypoxemia

Tachypnea (rapid)

seen in clients who have taken drugs such as morphine or sedatives, who have metabolic alkalosis, or who have increased intracranial pressure (e.g., from brain injuries).

o Bradypnea (slow)

This is when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow

Apnea

* Increased levels of carbon dioxide

Hypercarbia, hypercapnia

▪ inadequate alveolar ventilation, may be caused by either slow or shallow breathing, or both

Hypoventilation

* Low levels of oxygen

▪ Hypoxemia

▪ particular type of hyperventilation that accompanies metabolic acidosis ▪ which the body attempts to compensate for increased metabolic acids by blowing off acid in the form of CO2

Kussmaul breathing

▪ increased movement of air into and out of the lungs. ▪ the rate and depth of respirations increase and more CO2 is eliminated than is produced.

o Hyperventilation

▪ Rhythmic waxing, waning of respirations from very deep to very shallow

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

▪ shallow breaths interrupted by apnea; may be seen in clients with CNS disorders

Biot (cluster) respirations

▪ Difficulty breathing while lying down

o Orthopnea

o Condition of insufficient oxygen in body tissue

* Hypoxia

▪ Difficulty breathing * Shortness of breath (SOB) * Nostril flaring * Increased heart rate ▪ Stems from cardiac or respiratory problem

o Dyspnea

o Bluish discoloration of skin, nail beds, mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen saturation

* Cyanosis

o Reduced oxygen level in blood

Hypoxemia

o exhale through pursed lips and to exhale with a “huff ” sound in mid-exhalation

Alternative huff coughing

▪ devices that add water vapor to inspired air

o Humidifier

are used to deliver humidity and medications. They may be used with oxygen delivery systems to provide moistened air directly to the client.

o Nebulizers

Anti-inflammatory drugs

o Glucocorticoids

o suppress the effects of leukotrienes on the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract. o cause bronchoconstriction, mucous production, and edema of the respiratory tract

Leukotriene modifiers

common expectorant found in many prescription and nonprescription cough syrups

Guafenesin;

o help “break up” mucus, making it more liquid and easier to expectorate

* Expectorants

▪ act directly on the heart to improve the strength of contraction and slow the heart rate

o Digitalis glycosides

▪ Such as dobutamine similarly increase cardiac output, thus improving O2 transport

Beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

such as propranolol affect the sympathetic nervous system to reduce the workload of the heart. These drugs, however, can negatively affect people with asthma or COPD because they may constrict airways by blocking beta-2 adrenergic receptors

o Beta-adrenergic blocking agents

o measure the flow of air inhaled through the mouthpiece

* Sustained maximal inspiration devices (SMIs)

o measure the inhalation volume maintained by the client

Volume-oriented spirometer

o small, hand-held device with a hard plastic mouthpiece at one end and a perforated cover at the other end

* Flutter Device

FACE MASK o delivers oxygen concentrations of 40% to 60% at liter flows of 6 to 10 L/min, respectively

* Partial rebreather mask

* most common and inexpensive device used to administer oxygen

CANNULA

FACE MASK o delivers oxygen concentrations from 40% to 60% at liter flows of 5 to 8 L/min, respectively

* Simple face mask

FACE MASK delivers the highest oxygen concentration possible—95% to 100%—by means other than intubation or mechanical ventilation, at liter flows of 10 to 15 L/min.

* Nonrebreather mask

FACE MASK o delivers oxygen concentrations varying from 24% to 40% or 50% at liter flows of 4 to 10 L/min

* Venturi mask

* Four of the more common types of airways are

oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal, and tracheostomy.

ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS for unconscious clients

Oropharyngeal

ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS for alert clients with gag reflex

Nasopharyngeal

* most commonly inserted in clients who have had general anesthetics or for those in emergency situations where mechanical ventilation is required * Anesthesia or ventilation

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES

* Opening into trachea o Client cannot speak.

TRACHEOSTOMY

o removes secretions from the upper respiratory tract.

Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning

o provides closer access to the trachea and requires sterile technique.

Nasotracheal suctioning o provides closer access

Hemothorax

(blood)

Pneumothorax

(air)

Pleural effusion

(excessive fluid in pleural space)

Chest tube to restore pressure and drain fluid or blood o Pneumothorax tube

(upper chest)

Chest tube to restore pressure and drain fluid or blood o Hemothorax tube

(lower chest)

o 1-way flutter valve allows air to escape from lung. o For ambulatory clients

Heimlich chest drain valve

o has 1-way valve and collection chamber o For pneumothorax

* Pneumostat system