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Final > OXYGENATION > Flashcards

OXYGENATION Flashcards

1
Q

o a clear, odorless gas that constitutes
approximately 21% of the air we breathe, is
necessary for proper functioning of all living cells.

A
  • Oxygen
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2
Q

▪ Shared pathway for air and food

A

Pharynx

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2
Q

The function of the respiratory system is

A

gas exchange.

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3
Q

o produces carbon dioxide, which must be
eliminated from the body to maintain normal acid–
base balance

A
  • Cellular metabolism
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4
Q

▪ Externally identified as Adam’s apple
▪ Epiglottis is inlet

A

o Larynx

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5
Q

(pressure in the
pleural cavity
surrounding the lungs)

A

Intrapleural pressure

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6
Q

Lower respiratory tract contains

A

o Trachea
o Bronchi
o Bronchioles
o Alveoli

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7
Q

o (pressure within the
lungs)

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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8
Q

degree of chest
expansion during
normal breathing is
minimal, requiring little
energy expenditure.

A

Tidal volume

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9
Q

o collapse of a portion of
the lung

A
  • Atelectasis
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10
Q

a lipoprotein produced
by specialized alveolar
cells, acts like a
detergent, reducing
the surface tension of
alveolar fluid

A
  • Surfactant
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10
Q

Pressure exerted by each individual gas
in a mixture according to its
concentration in the mixture

A

o Partial pressure

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11
Q

movement of gases or other particles from an area
of greater pressure or concentration to an area of
lower pressure or concentration

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

Carbon dioxide
o Must be transported from tissues to lungs
o Continually produced in process of cell
metabolism
o 65% is carried inside RBCs as ____
o 30% combines with hemoglobin as
_____
o 5% transported in solution in plasma and as
_____

A

bicarbonate.

carbahemoglobin.

carbonic acid.

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13
Q

Diffusion of oxygen from alveoli into pulmonary blood
vessels on

A

inspiration

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14
Q
  • Diffusion of carbon dioxide from pulmonary blood vessels
    into alveoli for
A

expiration

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15
Q

is a chronic lung condition that is caused by prolonged exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air.

A

Asbestosis

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15
Q

97% of oxygen combines with ____ in red
blood cells and is carried to tissues as

A

hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin.

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16
Q

Oxygen
o Transported from lungs to tissues
o 97% of oxygen

Remaining oxygen is dissolved and transported in

A

plasma (as PaO2)

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17
Q

Normal hematocrit __% in
men, _____% in women

A

40–54

37–50

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18
Q

Respiratory center in ____ of the
brain

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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19
Q

of the lungs is black discoloration of bronchial mucosa that can occlude bronchial lumen and is associated with bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF)

A

Anthracosis

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20
Q

o causes the bronchioles to dilate, increasing blood
flow and oxygen delivery to active muscles

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

A variety of medications can decrease the rate and depth
of respirations

A

Benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics
Antianxiety drugs (e.g., diazepam [Valium], lorazepam
[Ativan], midazolam [Versed]), barbiturates (e.g.,
phenobarbital)
* Opioids such as morphine

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22
Q
  • Harsh, high-pitched sound in
    inspiration
A

▪ Stridor

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23
Q

▪ quiet, rhythmic, and effortless

A

Eupnea (normal)

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24
Q

▪ seen with fevers, metabolic acidosis,
pain, and hypoxemia

A

Tachypnea (rapid)

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25
Q

seen in clients who have taken drugs
such as morphine or sedatives, who have
metabolic alkalosis, or who have
increased intracranial pressure (e.g.,
from brain injuries).

A

o Bradypnea (slow)

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26
Q

This is when you stop breathing while asleep or have almost no airflow

A

Apnea

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27
Q
  • Increased levels of carbon
    dioxide
A

Hypercarbia, hypercapnia

27
Q

▪ inadequate alveolar ventilation, may be
caused by either slow or shallow
breathing, or both

A

Hypoventilation

28
Q
  • Low levels of oxygen
A

▪ Hypoxemia

29
Q

▪ particular type of hyperventilation that
accompanies metabolic acidosis
▪ which the body attempts to compensate
for increased metabolic acids by blowing
off acid in the form of CO2

A

Kussmaul breathing

29
Q

▪ increased movement of air into and out of
the lungs.
▪ the rate and depth of respirations
increase and more CO2 is eliminated
than is produced.

A

o Hyperventilation

30
Q

▪ Rhythmic waxing, waning of respirations
from very deep to very shallow

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

31
Q

▪ shallow breaths interrupted by apnea;
may be seen in clients with CNS
disorders

A

Biot (cluster) respirations

32
Q

▪ Difficulty breathing while lying down

A

o Orthopnea

33
Q

o Condition of insufficient oxygen in body tissue

A
  • Hypoxia
33
Q

▪ Difficulty breathing
* Shortness of breath (SOB)
* Nostril flaring
* Increased heart rate
▪ Stems from cardiac or respiratory
problem

A

o Dyspnea

34
Q

o Bluish discoloration of skin, nail beds, mucous
membranes due to reduced hemoglobin-oxygen
saturation

A
  • Cyanosis
34
Q

o Reduced oxygen level in blood

A

Hypoxemia

35
Q

o exhale through pursed lips and to exhale with a
“huff ” sound in mid-exhalation

A

Alternative huff coughing

36
Q

▪ devices that add water vapor to inspired
air

A

o Humidifier

37
Q

are used to deliver humidity and
medications. They may be used with oxygen
delivery systems to provide moistened air directly
to the client.

A

o Nebulizers

38
Q

Anti-inflammatory drugs

A

o Glucocorticoids

39
Q

o suppress the effects of leukotrienes on the smooth
muscle of the respiratory tract.
o cause bronchoconstriction, mucous production,
and edema of the respiratory tract

A

Leukotriene modifiers

39
Q

common expectorant found in many
prescription and nonprescription cough syrups

A

Guafenesin;

40
Q

o help “break up” mucus, making it more liquid and
easier to expectorate

A
  • Expectorants
41
Q

▪ act directly on the heart to improve the
strength of contraction and slow the heart
rate

A

o Digitalis glycosides

42
Q

▪ Such as dobutamine similarly increase
cardiac output, thus improving O2
transport

A

Beta-adrenergic stimulating agents

43
Q

such as propranolol affect the
sympathetic nervous system to reduce
the workload of the heart. These drugs,
however, can negatively affect people
with asthma or COPD because they may
constrict airways by blocking beta-2
adrenergic receptors

A

o Beta-adrenergic blocking agents

44
Q

o measure the flow of air inhaled through the
mouthpiece

A
  • Sustained maximal inspiration devices (SMIs)
45
Q

o measure the inhalation volume maintained by the
client

A

Volume-oriented spirometer

46
Q

o small, hand-held device with a hard plastic
mouthpiece at one end and a perforated cover at
the other end

A
  • Flutter Device
47
Q

FACE MASK

o delivers oxygen concentrations of 40% to 60% at
liter flows of 6 to 10 L/min, respectively

A
  • Partial rebreather mask
48
Q
  • most common and inexpensive device used to administer
    oxygen
A

CANNULA

49
Q

FACE MASK

o delivers oxygen concentrations from 40% to 60%
at liter flows of 5 to 8 L/min, respectively

A
  • Simple face mask
50
Q

FACE MASK

delivers the highest oxygen concentration
possible—95% to 100%—by means other than
intubation or mechanical ventilation, at liter flows
of 10 to 15 L/min.

A
  • Nonrebreather mask
51
Q

FACE MASK

o delivers oxygen concentrations varying from 24%
to 40% or 50% at liter flows of 4 to 10 L/min

A
  • Venturi mask
52
Q
  • Four of the more common types of airways are
A

oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, endotracheal, and
tracheostomy.

53
Q

ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS

for unconscious clients

A

Oropharyngeal

54
Q

ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS

for alert clients with gag reflex

A

Nasopharyngeal

55
Q
  • most commonly inserted in clients who have had general
    anesthetics or for those in emergency situations where
    mechanical ventilation is required
  • Anesthesia or ventilation
A

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBES

56
Q
  • Opening into trachea
    o Client cannot speak.
A

TRACHEOSTOMY

57
Q

o removes secretions from the upper respiratory
tract.

A

Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning

58
Q

o provides closer access to the trachea and requires
sterile technique.

A

Nasotracheal suctioning
o provides closer access

59
Q

Hemothorax

A

(blood)

59
Q

Pneumothorax

A

(air)

60
Q

Pleural effusion

A

(excessive fluid in pleural space)

61
Q

Chest tube to restore pressure and drain fluid or blood
o Pneumothorax tube

A

(upper chest)

62
Q

Chest tube to restore pressure and drain fluid or blood

o Hemothorax tube

A

(lower chest)

63
Q

o 1-way flutter valve allows air to escape from lung.

o For ambulatory clients

A

Heimlich chest drain valve

64
Q

o has 1-way valve and collection chamber
o For pneumothorax

A
  • Pneumostat system

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