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Final > FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE > Flashcards

FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE Flashcards

1
Q

▪ Within vascular system
▪ Accounts for approximately 20% of ECF

A

Intravascular or plasma

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2
Q

(positive charge),

A

Cations

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2
Q

Surrounds cells

A

Interstitial

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2
Q

o Charged particles

A
  • Electrolytes
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3
Q

▪ refers to the chemical combining power
of the ion, or the capacity of cations to
combine with anions to form molecules

A

milliequivalents (mEq)

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3
Q

(negative
charge)

A

anions

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4
Q
  • Mostly sodium, chloride, and
    bicarbonate
A

ECF

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5
Q
  • Potassium, magnesium,
    phosphate, sulfate
A

▪ ICF

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5
Q

Electrolytes
o Charged particles
o Cations (positive charge), anions (negative
charge)
o Usually measured in

A

milliequivalents (mEq)

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6
Q

(salts that dissolve readily into true
solutions)

A

Crystalloids

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6
Q
  • component of a solution that can dissolve a solute.
A

Solvent

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7
Q

▪ has the same osmolality as ECF
▪ Normal saline, 0.9% sodium chloride

A

Isotonic

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7
Q

(substances such as large protein
molecules that do not readily dissolve into true
solutions)

A

Colloids

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8
Q

o concentration of solutes in body fluids

A
  • Osmolality
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9
Q

▪ 3% sodium chloride
▪ have a higher osmolality than ECF

A

Hypertonic

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10
Q

▪ 0.45% sodium chloride
▪ have a lower osmolality than ECF.

A

Hypotonic

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11
Q

o power of a solution to pull water across a
semipermeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

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12
Q

o holding water in plasma, and when necessary
pulling water from the interstitial space into the
vascular compartment.
o an important mechanism for maintaining vascular
volume.

A
  • Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
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13
Q
  • Water moves across cell membranes from the less
    concentrated solution (the solution with less solute and
    more water) to the more concentrated solution (the solution
    with more solute and less water).
A

OSMOSIS

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14
Q
  • process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a
    membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of
    lower pressure.
A

FILTRATION

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15
Q

o pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system
on the walls of the container in which it is
contained.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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16
Q

FLUID INTAKE
__ mL/day through fluids and food

A
  • 2,500
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17
Q

o thirst center is located in the _____ of the
brain

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

Normal urine
output for an adult is

A

1,400 to 1,500 mL

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19
Q

▪ neuroendocrine control mechanism that
contributes to maintaining fluid balance.

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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20
Q

The net effect of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system is to increase ____

volume (and _ ) through
sodium and water retention.

A

blood

renal perfusion

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21
Q

o charged ions capable of conducting electricity, are
present in all body fluids and fluid compartments.

A
  • Electrolytes
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22
Q
  • most abundant cation in ECF and a major contributor to
    serum osmolality.
A

SODIUM (NA+ )

23
Q
  • major cation in ICF, with only a small amount found in the
    ECF
A

POTASSIUM (K+ )

24
Q
  • vast majority (99%) of calcium (Ca2+) in the body is stored
    in the skeletal system, with a relatively small amount in
    extracellular fluid
A

CALCIUM (CA2+)

25
Q

o Conservation and excretion by kidneys

A

MAGNESIUM (MG2+)

26
Q

o Excreted and reabsorbed along with sodium in the
kidneys
o Aldosterone increases ____ reabsorption with
sodium

A

CHLORIDE (CL− )

27
Q

’* Major body buffer involved in acid–base regulation

A

BICARBONATE (HCO3 − )

28
Q
  • Prevent excessive changes in pH
A

BUFFERS

29
Q

▪ Loss or gain of water and electrolytes in
equal proportions

A

Isotonic

30
Q

▪ Loss or gain of only water

A

Osmolar

31
Q

o fluid is initially lost from the intravascular
compartment,

A
  • Hypovolemia
32
Q

▪ edema that leaves a small depression or
pit after finger pressure is applied to the
swollen area

A

Pitting edema

33
Q

o Excess interstitial fluid

A
  • Edema
34
Q

▪ sodium deficit, or serum sodium level of
less than 135 mEq/L

A

Hyponatremia

35
Q

excess sodium in ECF, or a serum
sodium of greater than 145 mEq/L.

A

Hypernatremia

35
Q

▪ potassium excess, defined as a serum
potassium level greater than 5.0 mEq/L

A

Hyperkalemia

36
Q

calcium deficit, defined as a total serum
calcium level of less than 8.5 mg/dL or an
ionized calcium level of less than 4.5
mEq/L.

A

Hypocalcemia

36
Q

▪ potassium deficit, defined as a serum
potassium level of less than 3.5 mEq/L.

A

Hypokalemia

37
Q

▪ calcium excess, defined as a total serum
calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL, or
an ionized calcium level of greater than
5.5 mEq/L

A

Hypercalcemia

38
Q

magnesium deficiency, defined as a
serum magnesium level of less than 1.5
mEq/L

A

Hypomagnesemia

39
Q

▪ magnesium excess, defined as a serum
magnesium level above 2.5 mEq/L, due
to increased intake or decreased
excretion

A

Hypermagnesemia

40
Q

▪ chloride deficit, defined as a serum
chloride level below 95 mEq/L, and is
usually related to excess loss of chloride
through the GI tract, kidneys, or
sweating.

A

o Hypochloremia

41
Q

▪ chloride excess, defined as a serum
chloride level above 108 mEq/L

A

Hyperchloremia

42
Q

▪ phosphate deficit, defined as a serum
phosphate level of less than 2.5 mg/dL.

A

Hypophosphatemia

43
Q

▪ phosphate excess, defined as a serum
phosphate level greater than 4.5 mg/dL

A

Hyperphosphatemia

44
Q
  • Any condition that causes carbon dioxide retention, either
    due to hypoventilation or impaired lung function
  • causes carbonic acid levels to increase and pH to fall below
    7.35
A

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

45
Q
  • When a person hyperventilates, more carbon dioxide than
    normal is exhaled, carbonic acid levels fall, and the pH rises
    to greater than 7.45.
A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

46
Q
  • bicarbonate levels are low in relation to the amount of
    carbonic acid in the body, pH falls
A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

47
Q
  • amount of bicarbonate in the body exceeds the normal 20-
    to-1 ratio.
A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

48
Q

▪ useful in determining whether the
kidneys are responding appropriately to
acid–base imbalances

A

Urine pH

49
Q

inflammation of the vein

A

Phlebitis

49
Q

caused by too
large of a catheter in a small vein causing
irritation of the vein.

A

Mechanical phlebitis;

49
Q

▪ performed to evaluate a client’s acid–
base balance and oxygenation

A

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

50
Q

o unintended administration of a nonvesicant drug
or fluid into the subcutaneous tissue.

A
  • Infiltration
51
Q

o unintended administration of vesicant drugs or
fluids into the subcutaneous tissue

A

Extravasation

51
Q

inflammation of the
vein and a bacterial infection, which can
be caused by poor aseptic technique
during insertion of the IV catheter and/or
breaks in the integrity of the IV
equipment.

A

Bacterial phlebitis;

52
Q

; occurs when a vein
becomes inflamed by irritating or
vesicant solutions or medications.

A

Chemical phlebitis

53
Q

o Risk for antigen–antibody reaction and hemolysis
of RBCs

A
  • Rhesus (Rh) factor
54
Q
  • to increase the oxygen-carrying
    capacity of blood in anemias,
    surgery, and disorders with
    slow bleeding
A

Packed red blood cells (PRBCs)

55
Q
  • Used for blood replacement
    following planned elective
    surgery
A

Autologous RBCs (client’s own blood)

56
Q

▪ causes destruction of the transfused
RBCs and subsequent risk of kidney
damage or failure

A

o Hemolytic transfusion reaction

57
Q

▪ sensitivity of the client’s blood to white
blood cells, platelets, or plasma proteins;
does not cause hemolysis

A

Febrile Reaction

58
Q
A

Final (21 decks)

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