CIRCULATION

Question 1

(lack of oxygen).

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

(double layer of fibro serous
membrane)

Answer 2

pericardium

Question 3

Layers:

____– outermost
____ – cardiac muscle cells that
form the bulk of the heart and contract
with each beat
____– lines the inside of the
heart’s chambers and great vessels

Answer 3

Epicardium

▪ Myocardium

▪ Endocardium

Question 4

• Chambers are two upper atria, two lower ventricles
  separated by

Answer 4

septum.

Question 5

separate ventricles from
great vessels.

Answer 5

Semilunar (half-moon) valves

Question 6

enters right side of heart, exits to
lungs.

Answer 6

Deoxygenated blood

Question 7

returns via left side of heart, exits to
body

Answer 7

Oxygenated blood

Question 8

(Bundle of His).

Answer 8

AV bundle

Question 9

myocardial infarction

Answer 9

(heart attack).

Question 9

(angina)

Answer 9

chest pain

Question 10

o Primary pacemaker of the heart
o initiates electrical impulses that are conducted
throughout the heart and result in ventricular
contraction

Answer 10

Sinoatrial (SA or sinus) node

Question 11

Amount of blood ejected from the heart each minute

Answer 11

CARDIAC OUTPUT

Question 12

o Amount of blood ejected from the heart with each
beat

Answer 12

• Stroke volume (SV)

Question 13

o Number of beats per minute

Answer 13

• Heart rate

Question 14

CO formula

Answer 14

SV × HR = CO

Question 15

▪ Degree of stretch of ventricles at end of
diastole

Answer 15

o Preload

Question 16

▪ Increased volume leads to more forceful
contraction of heart

Answer 16

(Frank-Starling law)

Question 17

▪ natural ability of cardiac muscle fibers to
shorten or contract
▪ Inotropic state of the myocardium,
strength of contraction

Answer 17

Contractility

Question 18

▪ resistance that the ventricle must
overcome during systole to eject blood
into circulation.
▪ Pressure within arteries that ventricles
must overcome to push blood into
circulation
▪ Left ventricle must work harder than right.

Answer 18

o Afterload

Question 19

moves blood from the heart to the tissues, maintaining a
constant flow to the capillary beds despite the intermittent
pumping action of the heart.

Answer 19

ARTERIAL CIRCULATION

Question 20

– the volume of blood flowing though a given
vessel, organ, or the entire circulatory system over a
specific period

Answer 20

Blood flow –

Question 20

o force exerted on arterial walls by the blood flowing
within the vessel

Answer 20

Blood pressure (BP)

Question 21

mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula

Answer 21

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) × CO =

Question 22

o Major component of RBC
o Binds easily with oxygen

Answer 22

• Hemoglobin

Question 23

o cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that increase the incidence of CVD

Answer 23

Metabolic syndrome (Met-S)

Question 24

o inflammatory marker as an independent risk factor for CVD

Answer 24

* C-reactive protein

Question 24

o Impaired blood flow due to obstruction

Answer 24

* Ischemia

Question 25

(excess blood volume)

Answer 25

Hypervolemia

Question 26

– recording of the heart’s electrical activity.

Answer 26

Cardiac monitoring

Question 27

is the study of the forces or pressures involved in blood circulation.

Answer 27

Hemodynamics