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NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Brain and Spinal cord
o which are covered by

A

meninges,

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2
Q

three layers of
connective tissue that protect and nourish the
CNS.

A

▪ Dura mater – outer layer
▪ Arachnoid – middle layer
▪ Pia mater – inner layer

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3
Q

o Surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

A
  • Subarachnoid space
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4
Q
  • Subarachnoid space
A

o Surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

Subarachnoid space is filled with ___, which is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the ventricles into the space. This fluid-filled space cushions the brain and spinal cords,
nourishes the CNS, and removes waste materials.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

BRAIN
Weighs about ___ lbs;

A

3-4

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7
Q

Neurons – basic unit of brain; receives impulses
* has four major divisions:

A

Neurons

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8
Q

CEREBRUM

A
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8
Q

Neurons – basic unit of brain; receives impulses
* has four major divisions:

A

the cerebrum, the diencephalon,
the brain stem, and the cerebellum.

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8
Q

Divided into the ____,
which are joined by the

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum—

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9
Q
  • most superior part of the brain
A

CEREBRUM

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10
Q

—a bundle of
nerve fibers responsible for communication between the
hemispheres.

A

callosum

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10
Q

Receives and interprets impulses from the ear.
Contains Wernicke’s area, which is responsible
for interpreting auditory stimuli.

A
  • Temporal lobe:
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11
Q

Directs voluntary, skeletal actions

A
  • Frontal lobe:

(left side of lobe
controls right side of body and right side of lobe
controls left side of body).

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11
Q

Interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain,
temperature, shapes, and two-point
discrimination.

A
  • Parietal lobe:
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11
Q

influences communication (talking and writing),
emotions, intellect, reasoning ability, judgment,
and behavior

A
  • Frontal lobe:
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12
Q

o Influences the ability to read with understanding
and is the primary visual receptor center.

A
  • Occipital lobe:
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12
Q

The lobes are composed of a substance known as ______, which mediates higher-level functions such as
memory, perception, communication, and initiation of
voluntary movements.

A

gray
matter

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12
Q
  • outer surface of the cerebrum; made up
    neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, neuroglia and
    blood vessels.
A

Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

Lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres

A

DIENCEPHALON (INTERBRAIN)

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14
Q

DIENCEPHALON (INTERBRAIN)
Lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consist of the:

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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15
Q

The gray matter of the THALAMUS is responsible for
screening and directing the impulses to specific areas in the
cerebral cortex.

A
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16
Q

(part of the autonomic nervous
system, which is a part of the peripheral nervous system)
o responsible for regulating many body functions
including water balance, appetite, vital signs
(temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and
respiratory rate), sleep cycles, pain perception,
and emotional status.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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17
Q

Located between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
consists mainly of nerve fibers and has three parts:

A

BRAINSTEM

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17
- It is responsible for various reflex actions; links the cerebellum to the cerebrum and the midbrain to the medulla
Pons
18
serves as a relay center for ear and eye reflexes, and relays impulses between the higher cerebral centers and the lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
Midbrain -
18
are conducted to the muscles by two descending neural pathways:
Motor impulses (Efferent)
19
- contains the nuclei for cranial nerves and has centers that control and regulate respiratory function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure
Medulla oblongata
20
located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum and has 2 hemispheres
CEREBELLUM
21
Primary function: o Coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements o Maintenance of equilibrium o Maintenance of muscle tone
CEREBELLUM
21
* Located in the vertebral canal and extends from the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra.
SPINAL CORD
21
It serves as the center for communicating messages to and from the brain and as a reflex center
21
SPINAL CORD The inner part of the cord has an ___-shaped appearance and is made up of two pairs of columns _____ consisting of gray matter. The outer part is made up of
H (dorsal and ventral) white matter and surrounds the gray matter.
21
this travel to the brain by way of two ascending neural pathways (the Spinothalamic tract and Posterior columns)
Sensory impulses (Afferent)
22
this tract carry sensation for pain, temperature and crude touch
Spinothalamic tract:
22
Motor impulses (Efferent) o are conducted to the muscles by two descending neural pathways:
the Pyramidal (Corticospinal) tract and the Extrapyramidal tract
23
this tract carry the sensation of fine touch, position and vibration
Posterior tract:
23
this tract produce voluntary movement that involve skill and purpose; stimulate certain muscle action while inhibiting others.
Pyramidal (Corticospinal) tract:
23
this tract conduct impulses related to muscle tone and body control (gross body movement)
Extrapyramidal tract:
24
Carrying information to and from the CNS
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
25
consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
25
It is responsible for receiving and transmitting information from and about the external environment.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
26
Nerves are categorized as two types of fibers:
somatic and autonomic.
27
this fibers carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles o mediates conscious, or voluntary, activities
* Somatic fibers
27
this fiber exits through the ventral (anterior) roots of the cord.
motor (efferent) fiber
28
this fiber carry CNS impulses to smooth, involuntary muscles (in the heart and glands) o mediates unconscious, or involuntary, activities
* Autonomic fibers
28
this fiber enters through the dorsal (posterior) roots of the cord
sensory (afferent) fiber
29
sensory (afferent) fiber Damage -
Flaccid paralysis
29
motor (efferent) fiber Damage -
– Loss of Sensation
30
The sensory root of each spinal nerve innervates an area of the skin called a dermatome
dermatome
31
(areas of skin innervated by spinal nerves).
dermatome
32
The autonomic nervous system, which maintains the internal homeostasis of the body, incorporates the _ and _
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
32
impulses are carried by both cranial and spinal nerves. These impulses are carried from the CNS to the involuntary, smooth muscles that make up the walls of the heart and glands.
Autonomic nervous system
33
(“fight-or-flight” system) activated during stress and elicits responses such as decreased gastric secretions, bronchiole dilatation, increased pulse rate, and pupil dilatation
Sympathetic nervous system
34
arise from the thoracolumbar level (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord
Sympathetic nervous system
34
Headaches ▪ tight pressing, vise like; may involve neck and shoulder ▪ most common type
Tension
34
functions to restore and maintain normal body functions, for example, by decreasing heart rate.
Parasympathetic nervous system
35
parasympathetic fibers arise from the craniosacral regions
(S1 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VI, IX, and X).
36
Headaches (Cephalgia) o Morning –
increased Intercranial Pressure (ICP)
36
(Cephalgia)
Headaches
37
Headaches ▪ slow onset; pain becomes severe
Migraine
37
Headaches ▪ Throbbing, deep pain, often unilateral ▪ Intense burning or piercing pain behind one eye ▪ Most severe form ▪ Rinorrhea (discharge)
Cluster
37
Numbness/tingling or prickling sensation (Paresthesia)
o Dizziness
38
Morning headaches that subside after arising may be an early sign of increased intracranial pressure such as with a brain tumor.
increased intracranial pressure such as with a brain tumor.
38
Have you noticed a decrease in your ability to smell or to taste? o
may be related to a dysfunction of cranial nerve I (olfactory) or a brain tumor.
38
Changes in vision may occur with dysfunction of
cranial nerve II (optic), increased intracranial pressure, or brain tumors.
39
may be related to carotid artery disease, cerebellar abscess, Meniere’s disease, or inner ear infection.
Dizziness
39
decrease in the ability to taste may be related to
dysfunction of cranial nerves VII (facial) or IX (glossopharyngeal)
40
Damage to _____ may cause double or blurred vision.
cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), or VI (abducens)
40
Have you experienced any ringing in your ears or hearing loss?
o occur with dysfunction of cranial nerve VIII (acoustic).
41
o Continuous rapid twitching of resting muscle
Fasciculation
41
Transient blind spots may be an early sign of a
cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
41
Loss of bowel control or urinary retention and bladder distention are seen with
spinal cord injury or tumors
41
Difficulty swallowing may relate to
CVA, Parkinson’s disease, myasthenia gravis, Guillain- Barré syndrome, or dysfunction of cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), or XII (hypoglossal).
42
– paralysis
Plegia
42
o Involuntary contraction of opposing groups of muscles
Tremor
42
– weakness
Paresis
43
– one side of body is weak
Hemi Paresis
44
– one side of body is paralyzed
Hemi Plegia
44
– involuntary repetitive twitching movements
Tics
45
– sudden rapid, jerky voluntary and involuntary movements of limbs, trunk or face
Chorea
45
– twisting, writhing, slow continuous movement
Athetosis –
45
– absence of urine
Anuria
46
Tremors are typical in degenerative neurologic disorders, such as ___ (three to six per second while muscles are at rest), or in cerebellar disease and multiple sclerosis (variable rate, and especially with intentional movement).
Parkinson’s disease
46
Recent memory (24-hour memory) is often impaired in
amnestic disorders, Korsakoff’s syndrome, delirium, and dementia.
46
, which is found in cigarettes, constricts the blood vessels, which decreases blood flow to the brain.
o Nicotine
46
Remote memory (past dates and historical accounts) may be impaired in
cerebral cortex disorders.
47
may result when heavy objects are lifted improperly.
Intervertebral disc injuries
48
can occur from repetitive movements.
Peripheral nerve injuries

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