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Final > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Brain and Spinal cord
o which are covered by

A

meninges,

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2
Q

three layers of
connective tissue that protect and nourish the
CNS.

A

▪ Dura mater – outer layer
▪ Arachnoid – middle layer
▪ Pia mater – inner layer

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3
Q

o Surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

A
  • Subarachnoid space
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4
Q
  • Subarachnoid space
A

o Surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

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5
Q

Subarachnoid space is filled with ___, which is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the ventricles into the space. This fluid-filled space cushions the brain and spinal cords,
nourishes the CNS, and removes waste materials.

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

BRAIN
Weighs about ___ lbs;

A

3-4

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7
Q

Neurons – basic unit of brain; receives impulses
* has four major divisions:

A

Neurons

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8
Q

CEREBRUM

A
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8
Q

Neurons – basic unit of brain; receives impulses
* has four major divisions:

A

the cerebrum, the diencephalon,
the brain stem, and the cerebellum.

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8
Q

Divided into the ____,
which are joined by the

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum—

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9
Q
  • most superior part of the brain
A

CEREBRUM

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10
Q

—a bundle of
nerve fibers responsible for communication between the
hemispheres.

A

callosum

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10
Q

Receives and interprets impulses from the ear.
Contains Wernicke’s area, which is responsible
for interpreting auditory stimuli.

A
  • Temporal lobe:
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11
Q

Directs voluntary, skeletal actions

A
  • Frontal lobe:

(left side of lobe
controls right side of body and right side of lobe
controls left side of body).

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11
Q

Interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain,
temperature, shapes, and two-point
discrimination.

A
  • Parietal lobe:
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11
Q

influences communication (talking and writing),
emotions, intellect, reasoning ability, judgment,
and behavior

A
  • Frontal lobe:
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12
Q

o Influences the ability to read with understanding
and is the primary visual receptor center.

A
  • Occipital lobe:
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12
Q

The lobes are composed of a substance known as ______, which mediates higher-level functions such as
memory, perception, communication, and initiation of
voluntary movements.

A

gray
matter

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12
Q
  • outer surface of the cerebrum; made up
    neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, neuroglia and
    blood vessels.
A

Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

Lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres

A

DIENCEPHALON (INTERBRAIN)

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14
Q

DIENCEPHALON (INTERBRAIN)
Lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consist of the:

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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15
Q

The gray matter of the THALAMUS is responsible for
screening and directing the impulses to specific areas in the
cerebral cortex.

A
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16
Q

(part of the autonomic nervous
system, which is a part of the peripheral nervous system)
o responsible for regulating many body functions
including water balance, appetite, vital signs
(temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and
respiratory rate), sleep cycles, pain perception,
and emotional status.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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17
Q

Located between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord
consists mainly of nerve fibers and has three parts:

A

BRAINSTEM

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17
Q
  • It is responsible for various reflex actions; links the
    cerebellum to the cerebrum and the midbrain to the medulla
A

Pons

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18
Q

serves as a relay center for ear and eye reflexes,
and relays impulses between the higher cerebral centers
and the lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

A

Midbrain -

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18
Q

are conducted to the muscles by two descending
neural pathways:

A

Motor impulses (Efferent)

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19
Q
  • contains the nuclei for cranial nerves
    and has centers that control and regulate respiratory
    function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure
A

Medulla oblongata

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20
Q

located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum and
has 2 hemispheres

A

CEREBELLUM

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21
Q

Primary function:
o Coordination and smoothing of voluntary
movements
o Maintenance of equilibrium
o Maintenance of muscle tone

A

CEREBELLUM

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21
Q
  • Located in the vertebral canal and extends from the medulla
    oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra.
A

SPINAL CORD

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21
Q

It serves as the center for communicating messages to and
from the brain and as a reflex center

A
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21
Q

SPINAL CORD
The inner part of the cord has an ___-shaped appearance and
is made up of two pairs of columns _____
consisting of gray matter. The outer part is made up of

A

H

(dorsal and ventral)

white
matter and surrounds the gray matter.

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21
Q

this travel to the brain by way of two ascending neural
pathways (the Spinothalamic tract and Posterior
columns)

A

Sensory impulses (Afferent)

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22
Q

this tract carry sensation for
pain, temperature and crude touch

A

Spinothalamic tract:

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22
Q

Motor impulses (Efferent)
o are conducted to the muscles by two descending
neural pathways:

A

the Pyramidal (Corticospinal)
tract and the Extrapyramidal tract

23
Q

this tract carry the sensation of
fine touch, position and vibration

A

Posterior tract:

23
Q

this tract produce voluntary movement that involve
skill and purpose; stimulate certain
muscle action while inhibiting others.

A

Pyramidal (Corticospinal) tract:

23
Q

this tract conduct impulses
related to muscle tone and body control
(gross body movement)

A

Extrapyramidal tract:

24
Q

Carrying information to and from the CNS

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

25
Q

consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal
nerves.

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

25
Q

It is responsible for receiving and transmitting information
from and about the external environment.

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

26
Q

Nerves are categorized as two types of fibers:

A

somatic and
autonomic.

27
Q

this fibers carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles
o mediates conscious, or voluntary, activities

A
  • Somatic fibers
27
Q

this fiber exits through the ventral
(anterior) roots of the cord.

A

motor (efferent) fiber

28
Q

this fiber carry CNS impulses to smooth, involuntary
muscles (in the heart and glands)
o mediates unconscious, or involuntary, activities

A
  • Autonomic fibers
28
Q

this fiber enters through the dorsal
(posterior) roots of the cord

A

sensory (afferent) fiber

29
Q

sensory (afferent) fiber
Damage -

A

Flaccid paralysis

29
Q

motor (efferent) fiber
Damage -

A

– Loss of Sensation

30
Q

The sensory root of each spinal nerve innervates an area
of the skin called a dermatome

A

dermatome

31
Q

(areas of skin innervated
by spinal nerves).

A

dermatome

32
Q

The autonomic nervous system, which maintains the
internal homeostasis of the body, incorporates the _ and _

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

32
Q

impulses are carried by both
cranial and spinal nerves. These impulses are carried from
the CNS to the involuntary, smooth muscles that make up
the walls of the heart and glands.

A

Autonomic nervous system

33
Q

(“fight-or-flight” system) activated during stress and elicits responses such
as decreased gastric secretions, bronchiole
dilatation, increased pulse rate, and pupil
dilatation

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

arise from the thoracolumbar level (T1 to L2) of the
spinal cord

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Headaches

▪ tight pressing, vise like; may involve neck
and shoulder
▪ most common type

A

Tension

34
Q

functions to restore and maintain normal body
functions, for example, by decreasing heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

35
Q

parasympathetic fibers arise from the craniosacral
regions

A

(S1 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VI, IX, and
X).

36
Q

Headaches (Cephalgia)
o Morning –

A

increased Intercranial Pressure (ICP)

36
Q

(Cephalgia)

A

Headaches

37
Q

Headaches

▪ slow onset; pain becomes severe

A

Migraine

37
Q

Headaches

▪ Throbbing, deep pain, often unilateral
▪ Intense burning or piercing pain behind
one eye
▪ Most severe form
▪ Rinorrhea (discharge)

A

Cluster

37
Q

Numbness/tingling or prickling sensation
(Paresthesia)

A

o Dizziness

38
Q

Morning headaches that subside after arising may
be an early sign of increased intracranial pressure
such as with a brain tumor.

A

increased intracranial pressure
such as with a brain tumor.

38
Q

Have you noticed a decrease in your ability to smell or to
taste?
o

A

may be related to a dysfunction of cranial nerve I
(olfactory) or a brain tumor.

38
Q

Changes in vision may occur with dysfunction of

A

cranial nerve II (optic), increased intracranial
pressure, or brain tumors.

39
Q

may be related to carotid artery disease,
cerebellar abscess, Meniere’s disease, or inner
ear infection.

A

Dizziness

39
Q

decrease in the ability to taste may be related to

A

dysfunction of cranial nerves VII (facial) or IX
(glossopharyngeal)

40
Q

Damage to _____ may cause double
or blurred vision.

A

cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV
(trochlear), or VI (abducens)

40
Q

Have you experienced any ringing in your ears or hearing
loss?

A

o occur with dysfunction of cranial nerve VIII
(acoustic).

41
Q

o Continuous rapid twitching of resting muscle

A

Fasciculation

41
Q

Transient blind spots may be an
early sign of a

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

41
Q

Loss of bowel control or urinary retention and bladder
distention are seen with

A

spinal cord injury or tumors

41
Q

Difficulty swallowing may relate to

A

CVA,

Parkinson’s disease, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-
Barré syndrome, or dysfunction of cranial nerves

IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), or XII
(hypoglossal).

42
Q

– paralysis

A

Plegia

42
Q

o Involuntary contraction of opposing groups of
muscles

A

Tremor

42
Q

– weakness

A

Paresis

43
Q

– one side of body is weak

A

Hemi Paresis

44
Q

– one side of body is paralyzed

A

Hemi Plegia

44
Q

– involuntary repetitive twitching movements

A

Tics

45
Q

– sudden rapid, jerky voluntary and involuntary
movements of limbs, trunk or face

A

Chorea

45
Q

– twisting, writhing, slow continuous movement

A

Athetosis –

45
Q

– absence of urine

A

Anuria

46
Q

Tremors are typical in degenerative neurologic
disorders, such as ___ (three to
six per second while muscles are at rest), or in
cerebellar disease and multiple sclerosis (variable
rate, and especially with intentional movement).

A

Parkinson’s disease

46
Q

Recent memory (24-hour memory) is often
impaired in

A

amnestic disorders, Korsakoff’s
syndrome, delirium, and dementia.

46
Q

, which is found in cigarettes, constricts
the blood vessels, which decreases blood flow to
the brain.

A

o Nicotine

46
Q

Remote memory (past dates and historical
accounts) may be impaired in

A

cerebral cortex
disorders.

47
Q

may result when
heavy objects are lifted improperly.

A

Intervertebral disc injuries

48
Q

can occur from
repetitive movements.

A

Peripheral nerve injuries

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