Overview of the structures of the endocrine system lecture 4

Question 1

We usually contrast nervous system structures with endocrine structures. But certain nervous system cells act as endocrine cells and certain endocrine tissues are derived from ______________.

Answer 1

neural ectoderm

Question 2

Nerve cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream are called _______________

Answer 2

NEUROSECRETORY CELLS

Question 3

In humans, neurosecretory cells are found in the ________________.

Answer 3

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 4

PITUITARY GLAND prospers name is ______________

Answer 4

Hypophysis

Question 5

Location of the pituitary gland Small but complex appendage that sits at ______________ – in the ___________– most median depression in the medial cranial fossa of the ______________.

Answer 5

1) the base of the brain 2) Sella Turcica 3) sphenoid bone

Question 6

Pituitary lies just inferior to _____________.

Answer 6

hypothalamus

Question 7

Hypothalamus and Pituitary connected by stalk containing ____________ and ______________.

Answer 7

1) nerve fibers 2) blood vessels

Question 8

the Pituitary gland is composed of two lobes ________________ and _______________.

Answer 8

1) ANTERIOR PITUITARY 2) POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Question 9

The pituitary Fossa sits in the ____________

Answer 9

Sella turcica

Question 10

infundibulum is like a

Answer 10

funnel that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 11

Hypothalamus is an _____________, so it is innervated by the brain, and derived from _____________.

Answer 11

1) outgrowth of brain
2) neural ectoderm

Question 12

Posterior Pituitary is made out of neural tissue so that’s why it is called _____________. it is an outgrowth of hypothalamus so it is derived from neural ectoderm.

Answer 12

1) Neurohypophysis
2) hypothalamus

Question 13

Anterior Pituitary is made of Glandular tissue so that’s why it’s called ______________. it develops as a superiorly directed outgrowth of ____________, derived from ____________.

Answer 13

1) Adenohypophysis
2) roof of mouth
3) ectoderm ( comes from epithelium –> stratified squamous epithelium )

Question 14

HYPOTHALAMUS and PITUITARY GLAND

INNERVATION: ______________

Arterial Supply: __________________

Venous Drainage: _________________

Answer 14

1) BRAIN
2) circulus arteriosus cerebri ( Cerebral arteriole circle ) (any brain structure)
3) cavernous venous sinus ( Cavernous sinus )

Question 15

Hypothalamic hormones are enclosed in vesicles that move down the axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are touching the _________________________

Answer 15

capillaries of the posterior pituitary

Question 16

NOTE we aare talking about the posterior pituitary

In response to an action potential– hormones are released from vesicles (much like a neurotransmitter), into_______________ instead of synaptic clefts.

Answer 16

venous capillaries

Question 17

______________ and _____________ are manufactured in the hypothalamus, but released in the posterior pituitary

Answer 17

1) Oxytocin
2) Vasopressin

Question 18

Hypothalamic hormones that are Released by Adenohypophysis are enclosed in vesicles that move down the axon and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the ___________________

Answer 18

pituitary stalk (infindibulum) NOT THE CAPPILLARIES.

Question 19

NOTE WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

In response to an action potential– hormones are released from vesicles (much like a neurotransmitter), in this case into a circulatory structure called the______________( also known as ____________________m)

Answer 19

1) pituitary portal system
2) hypophyseal portal system

ALSO KNOWN AS the hypothalmic hypophyseal portal system

Question 20

the Pituitary portal system is connected to a cappilary bed located in the

Answer 20

INFINDIBULUM

Question 21

Most hormonal interactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary(anterior) complex follow a common pattern:

1. A hypothalamic hormone effects control over the secretion of an ____________________;
2. The corresponding anterior pituitary hormone controls secretion of the hormone of another _____________; and
3. That secretion of that gland affects other target ___________.

Answer 21

1) anterior pituitary hormone
2) endocrine gland
3) tissues/organs

Question 22

Hypothalamic hormones can have the effect of ___________ or _____________ the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Called _____________ or __________________.

Answer 22

1) stimulating
2) inhibiting
3) RELEASING HORMONES
4) INHIBITING HORMONES

Question 24

HORMONES MANUFACTURED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS and their (FUNCTIONS) pt 1

OXYTOCIN - 1)_________, 2)_____________, 3)___________.

VASOPRESSIN (ADH) – 4)___________________

RELEASING HORMONES – 5)____________________

INHIBITING HORMONES – 6)______________________

Answer 24

1) initiates labor
2) stimulates mammary glands to release milk
3) Stimulates uterine contractions in activities other than labor

4) decreases urine output by increasing DCT and collecting duct permeability.
5) stimulate release of anterior pituitary hormones.
6) inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones.

Question 25

Oxytocin and Vasopressin are manufactured in the ___________, but released in the _______________.

Answer 25

1) hypothalamus
2) posterior pituitary

Question 26

GROWTH HORMONE (GH) is manufactured & released by the ______________ – regulates growth; affects protein, _____________________.

Answer 26

1) adenohypophysis
2) fat and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 27

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) – controls _____________________________________.

Answer 27

secretion of thyroxin from the thyroid gland

Question 28

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) – controls secretion of hormones released by ___________, specifically ________________.

Answer 28

1) adrenal cortex
2) glucocorticoids

Question 29

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) –

Females: stimulates __________ ; stimulate the release of ________

Males: stimulates _______________ maturation.

Answer 29

1) maturation of egg cells
2) nurse cells for sperm

Question 30

LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) –

Males- stimulates secretion of___________________.

Females, stimulates release of ____________________.

Answer 30

1) testosterone by testes
2) ovum by ovary

Question 31

MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH) – along with _____________, affects pigment (color) release in __________.

Answer 31

1) Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
2) skin

Question 32

PROLACTIN (PRL) –

stimulates __________________.

Answer 32

milk production

Question 33

PINEAL GLAND

• Location and Development: outgrowth of the roof of the ____________. Found near the posterior margin of the ___________, slightly cranial and superior to cerebellum.
• Innervation: brain.
• Arterial Supply: _________________
• Venous Drainage: __________________
• Function: produces __________ – amino acid derivative thought to have connection with ______________.

Answer 33

1) diencephalon
2) corpus callosum
3) circulus arteriosus cerebri
4) cavernous venous sinus
5) MELATONIN
6) regulating sleep cycle

Question 34

THYMUS GLAND

• Location: Located just deep to ____________ and just ventral to great ____________. Until puberty, a large structure, after which it begins to atrophy and gets replaced with ______________.
• Development: from ____________ derived from __________ of third pair of visceral pouches (3rd gill slit pouch).

Answer 34

1) sternum
2) vessels of heart
3) adipose tissue
4) epithelial cells
5) endoderm

Question 35

THYMUS GLAND

• Innervation: _______________
• Arterial Supply: _____________________ (branch of subclavian that is ventral to body wall).
• Venous Drainage: ____________ to brachiocephalic vein.
• Function: produce 4) ____________, 5)______________, 6) ____________ – convert embryonic lymphocytes into ___________.

Answer 35

1) Vagus Nerve (X)
2) branches from internal thoracic artery
3) thymic veins
4) THYMOSIN
5) THYMUS HUMERAL FACTOR
6) THYMOPOIETIN
7) T-cells

Question 36

THYROID GLAND

Location: Located close to thyroid cartilage. Has ___________ connected by _____________ medially. Isthmus covers cricoid cartilage in ventral view.

Development: first endocrine gland to appear during development. Develops from ____________ thickening in floor of early pharynx and epithelium of 3rd and 4th ____________.

Starts out _________ to tongue, but ultimately comes to be wrapped around laryngeal cartilages.

Answer 36

1) two lateral lobes
2) thyroid isthmus
3) endodermal
4) pharyngeal pouches.
5) caudal

Question 37

THYROID GLAND

Innervation: ______________

Arterial Supply: __________________________

Venous Drainage: _________________________. These are tributaries of internal jugular veins (superior & middle) and left brachiocephalic vein (inferior) respectively.

Functions:

• THYROXIN – _____________________
• CALCITONIN – _________________________

Answer 37

1) Vagus Nerve (X)
2) superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
3) Superior, middle, & inferior thyroid veins
4) regulate rate of metabolism
5) decreases levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts (dissolve bones) and increasing calcium excretion

Question 38

PARATHYROID GLAND

Location:

• Usually __________.
• Very small (less than 5 mm).
• Called parathyroid glands because of their position on _____________ of outer surface of thyroid gland.

Development: Like thyroid gland, develop from __________________ in floor of early pharynx and epithelium of _______________ gill slit pouches

Answer 38

1) paired
2) posterior margins
3) endodermal thickening
4) 3rd and 4th

Question 39

PARATHYROID GLAND

Innervation: ________________

Arterial Supply: _______________________

Venous Drainage: ______________________________

Function:

PARATHYROID HORMONE (Parathormone or PTH) – _____________________________, and promoting calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

Answer 39

1) Vagus Nerve (X)
2) superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
3) Superior, middle, & inferior thyroid veins
4) raises the level of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoblasts and promoting osteoclasts

Question 40

ADRENAL GLAND

Location : _____________________(“suprarenal” gland). Have inner medulla and outer cortex.

Development:

Adrenal cortex – _________________________.

Adrenal medulla – _________________________________.

Innervation: adjacent sympathetic fibers. ______________ parasympathetic innervation.

Arterial Supply: ____________

Venous Drainage: _____________

Answer 40

1) on cranial (superior) surface of kidney
2) mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall
3) neural crest cells that are derived from adjacent sympathetic ganglion
4) No significant
5) adrenal arteries
6) adrenal veins

Question 41

Adrenal Cortex, Function :

• MINERALOCORTICOIDS – _____________________ (e.g. aldosterone).
• GLUCOCORTICOIDS – ___________________________
• ANDROGENS – ________________________________

Answer 41

1) regulate sodium retention and potassium loss
2) act as anti-inflammatory agents; affect metabolism of food.
3) regulates control over rapid growth spurts in preadolescents.

Question 42

Adrenal Medulla, Function :

ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE) – _________________________

NORADRENALINE (NOREPINEPHRINE) – ________________.

Answer 42

1) increases heart rate and blood pressure.
2) constricts arterioles

Question 43

PANCREAS

Location : inside notch of duodenum; _____________. Has body, and tail.

Development: diverticulum of embryonic foregut. _____________________ embryonic buds eventually fuse.

Innervation: foregut: sympathetic – _________________; parasympathetic – ______________

Arterial Supply: ______________________ (branches of celiac & superior mesenteric)

Venous Drainage: ______________________ is tributary of splenic vein

Answer 43

1) retroperitoneal
2) Dorsal and ventral
3) greater splanchnic nerve
4) Vagus nerve (X).
5) pancreaticoduodenal arteries
6) pancreaticoduodenal vein

Question 44

PANCREAS

Function: pancreas is not only an exocrine gland for digestion.

GLUCAGON – from ________ cells of pancreatic islets, _________________________.

INSULIN – from ______ cells of pancreatic islets, _________________________.

Answer 44

1) alpha
2) raises blood glucose level
3) beta
4) lowers blood glucose level

Question 45

OVARY

Location : near kidneys, anchored by _________ to uterus.

Development: ________________. Ovaries migrate somewhat caudally, retain position near kidneys.

Innervation: sympathetic – similar to hindgut, level ____, follows least splanchnic nerve; parasympathetic – ______________

Arterial Supply: ____________, branch of abdominal aorta.

Venous Drainage: ___________, dump into inferior vena cava.

Answer 45

1) fallopian tubes
2) intermediate mesoderm
3) T12
4) sacral outflow
5) ovarian artery
6) ovarian vein

Question 46

OVARY

Function: ovaries produce ____ in regular cycle determined by hormonal secretions. Functions of ovarian hormones and their secretions are tied to secretion of ______ and ___ from anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 46

1) ova
2) FSH
3) LH

Question 47

OVARY produces

ESTROGENS – _______________________________

PROGESTERONE + ESTROGENS – __________________

________________________________.

Answer 47

1) stimulate development of female sex organs and sexual characteristics.
2) regulate menstrual cycle; maintain pregnancy in presence of developing embryo or fetus

Question 48

TESTES

Responsible for _______________ and synthesis of male sex hormones.

Location : in _____________, in scrotal sac, connected to inner workings of body by ______________.

Answer 48

1) sperm production
2) postnatal males
3) spermatic cord

Question 49

TESTES

Development: from _________________.

• As transitory stage of kidney degenerates, a ligament called the _______________ descends on each side of abdomen from inferior pole of gonad.
• that ligament passes obliquely through developing anterior abdominal wall at site of future inguinal canal and attaches at internal surface of _______________ (future position of scrotum in males or labia majora in females).
• Gubernaculum is thought to guide descent of testes into scrotum, and ultimately anchors testis to scrotal wall.

Answer 49

1) intermediate mesoderm
2) GUBERNACULUM
3) labioscrotal swelling

Question 50

TESTES

Innervation: sympathetic – similar to kidney, ________, follows least splanchnic nerve, hook a ride down spermatic cord via testicular blood vessels; parasympathetic – ____________.

Arterial Supply: _______________. Branches off of abdominal aorta, however developmental proximity of kidney means they sometimes branch off of renal artery. Arteries follow the developmental track of testes, and can thus be very long.

Venous Drainage: _______________, dump into inferior vena cava. Form the pampiniform plexus.

Answer 50

1) T10-T12
2) sacral outflow.
3) testicular artery
4) testicular vein

Question 51

TESTES

Function: Responsible for sperm production and synthesis of male sex hormones.

produces TESTOSTERONE – stimulate development of______________, secondary sexual characteristics, and behavioral features. Functions of testosterone and its secretion is tied to secretion of ____ from anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 51

1) male sex organs
2) LH