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Anatomy FINAL > ALL CHAPTERS REVIEW > Flashcards

ALL CHAPTERS REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Which ligament stretches from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity to create the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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2
Q

Which ligament stretches from the sacrum to the ischial spine to create the greater sciatic foramen?

A

sacrospinous ligament

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3
Q

Which vessels run through the Ischiorectal fossa (aka pudendal canal?)
Through which other foramen do they travel?

A

1) Pudendal A,V, & N.

2) G.S & L.S foramen

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4
Q

Which segmental levels innervate the urogenital and pelvic diaphragm?

A

S2-4 (somatic not parasympathetic)

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5
Q

What does the Umbilical Arteries become in an adult? what mesentary is this derived from?

A

1) medial umbilical fold/ligament

2) Ventral mesentary

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6
Q

Do the kidneys/intermediate mesoderm begin as trans-segmental or segmental?

A

segmental

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7
Q

List the 3 stages of kidney development in order of their induction, including any ducts involved. Which one develops differently than the others?

A

Pronephros → Mesonephros & mesonephric duct → Metanephros, the metanephros

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8
Q

The ureteric bud begins as an outgrowth off the _______ duct but migrates where?
Once in place, in which direction does it grow to the metanephric blastema (embryonic kidney)?

A

1) mesonephric
2) Bladder
3) caudal to cranial

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9
Q

When the kidneys “ascended” up the aorta, what “ladder” did they climb?
What evidence remains of their ascent?
Did this affect their sympathetic innervation?

A

1) Segmental/mesonephric arteries
2) multiple renal arteries
3) Yes, little bits of everything

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10
Q

Are the kidneys symmetrically positioned? Why?

A

1) no,

2) R lower than left because of liver being in the way

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11
Q

What is the function and components of renal parenchyma?

For this reason, where does drainage really begin?

A

1) Filtering; cortex and medulla.

2) @ the minor calyx

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12
Q

Name the 4 attachments to the bladder.

A

2 ureters, urachus, urethra

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13
Q

What did the urachus attach to in the embryo?

What does it become in the adult?

A

1) Allantois

2) median umbilical ligament

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14
Q

The Bladder is lined by _________ epithelium and is stretchy, whereas the _______ __ ___ _________ is not.

A

1) transitional

2) trigone of the bladder

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15
Q

Is the Ureter attached to the bladder at a right angle or oblique angle?
How does this prevent the back-flow of urine to the kidneys?

A

1) oblique angle

2) Full bladder expands against each ureter pinching them off

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16
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

1) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

Trace H2O as it travels from the descending aorta to its specific (most likely) point of absorption in the nephron?

A

D. aorta, renal a., segmental a., interlobar a., (cortical radiate a., afferent arterioles,) glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, descending limb of loop of Henle.

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18
Q

What drives water out of the descending limb and into the renal medulla?

A

Na+ pumped out of the thick ascending limb increases the osmotic concentration slightly in the medulla, causing water to osmose out.

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19
Q

How is the concentration gradient set up in the interstitial space?

A

By sodium and chlorine ion transport out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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20
Q

True or False. There is one proximal convoluted tubule for every collecting duct

A

False. Many.

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21
Q

How is water permeability controlled at the collecting duct?

A

By ADH

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22
Q

How does ADH regulate water osmosis?

Targets the PCT and collecting duct.

A

Increased ADH –> increased water permeability –> water reabsorption –> increased urine concentration

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23
Q

Water follows sodium. Explain this statement in relation to countercurrent exchange in the nephron

A

Na+ is actively pumped out of the thick ascending limb, increasing solute conc in the interstitial space. Since water is permeable

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24
Q

What effect does a diuretic have on the nephron?

Does it serve the same function as ADH?

A

Decreases permeability of water at collecting duct, lose more water, get more dilute urine. No

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25
Q

Will increased ADH lead to an increase/decrease of blood pressure? How?

A

Increased ADH → increased water permeability → increased blood volume → increases BP

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26
Q

What capillary systems do renal arteries eventually give rise to?

A

Glomeruli

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27
Q

T/F: Renal veins dump into the hepatic portal system

A

False. Dump into the IVC because are body wall structures

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28
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the kidney is scattered due to the __1__ of the kidneys and include segments 2 which enter the __3__ plexus.

A
  1. ascent
  2. T5-T9 & T10-T11
  3. renal
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29
Q

The paired vasculature of the bladder are branches off of which major vessels?

A

Internal Iliac A & V

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30
Q

What is the route for sympathetic innervation of the bladder?

A

T12 via the least splanchnic n.

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31
Q

The pelvic nerve parasympathetically innervates the _1___ sphincter, the conscious aspect controls the __2___ sphincter?

A
  1. internal

2. external

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32
Q

The kidneys regulate water retention, which is necessary since water is pushed __1__ of the body and into the nephron.

A
  1. outside
33
Q

What 3 vessels/tubes that surround the Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Afferent and Efferent arterioles, and DCT

34
Q

T/F: I have decreased blood pressure therefore I have a lot of water in my blood.

A

False, increased H20 vol in blood→ increased blood pressure

35
Q

What hormone increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct; therefore concentrating urine?

A

ADH. We need H20 reabsorption to have concentrated urine

36
Q

What system does the endocrine system secrete chemicals into?

A

Circulatory system

37
Q

Endocrine glands/cells release __1__ to circulate the body until they react with a unique receptor of __1___ cells/tissues.

A
  1. hormonest

2. target

38
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Aldosterone?

A
  1. stimulate ADH secretion, 2. stimulate thirst, 3. Constrict arterioles 4. Na* retention
39
Q

T/F: The retention of sodium and secretion of ADH allows for an increase in Water reabsorption.

A

True

40
Q

What is a neurosecretory cell?

A

Nerve cell that secretes hormones

41
Q

What four hormones are made in the Hypothalmus?

A

Oxytocin, Vasopressin/ADH, IH, RH

42
Q

The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary are formed from which respective germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, neural ectoderm

43
Q

The __1__ secretes hormones directly into the circulatory system but made by the __2___.

A
  1. neurohypophysis

2. hypothalmus

44
Q

The __1___ makes it’s own hormones but is regulated by __2__ hormones made in the hypothalmus.

A
  1. adenohypophysis

2. IH & RH

45
Q

The pituitary gland rests below the ___1___ and sits in the__2__.

A
  1. hypothalmus

2. sella turcica

46
Q

In females, LH regulates __1__ while __2__ regulates the maturity of gametes.

A
  1. ovulation

2. FSH

47
Q

In males, 1 regulates the maturity of sperm and LH stimulates the release of __2__.

A
  1. FSH

2. testosterone

48
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone are both made by the __1__ is responsible for female sexual characteristics and __2__ aids estrogen in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy.

A
  1. ovary, estrogen

2. progesterone

49
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary contains a portal system?

A

Anterior

50
Q

Name a hormone that is involved in converting lymphocytes into T-Cells and in which gland this takes place.

A

Thymosin, thymopoitin, thymyus humeral factor; thymus gland

51
Q

The Thymus gland develops from __1__ in the __2__ gill slit pouches, while the thyroid and parathyroid develop in the __3__ gill slit pouches.

A
  1. endoderm
  2. 3rd
  3. 3rd and 4th
52
Q

The adrenal cortex is derived from __1__, while the medulla is derived from __2__.

A
  1. mesoderm

2. neural crest

53
Q

Aldosterone, made in the adrenal cortex, is an example of what general hormone?

A

mineralcorticoids

54
Q

Pancreatic hormone __1__ is secreted by alpha cells, while __2__ is secreted by beta cells

A
  1. Glucagon

2. insulin

55
Q

Calcitonin of the thyroid gland decreases Calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium by __3__ them.

A
  1. decreases
  2. inhibiting
  3. promoting
56
Q

Like the kidneys, the gonads develop

A

retroperitoneal

57
Q

Which duct is the fallopian tube derived from?

A

paramesonephric duct

58
Q

Which duct is the ductus deferens is derived from?

A

mesonephric duct

59
Q

The gubernaculum in a female becomes what in an adult

A

round ligament of the uterus

60
Q

The gubernaculum in a male becomes what as an adult?

A

scrotal ligament

61
Q

Which 2 structures develop from the genital tubercle?

A

clitoris or glans of penis

62
Q

Which erectile tissues make up the clitoris and where were they derived from?

A

corpora cavernosa clitidoris, crura

63
Q

Which erectile tissues make up the penis and where were they derived from?

A

corpus cavernosa (crura), corpus spongiosum (fused bulbs)

64
Q

What structure does the bulbs become is a female and what type of erectile tissue make it up?

A

bulbs of the vestibule and labia minora, bulbos spongiosum

65
Q

What type of tissue surrounds the erectile tissue of the penis?

A

tunica albuginea

66
Q

Which 2 cells can be found INSIDE a seminiferous tubule?

A

germ and sustenacular cells

67
Q

What hormone do interstitial cells secrete?

A

testosterone

68
Q

The acrosome contains what kind of enzymes to weak the egg wall?

A

digestive enzymes

69
Q

Prior to ejaculation sperm is stored where?

A

ampulla

70
Q

Name 3 things secreted by the seminal vesicles.

A

sugar, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

71
Q

Which enzyme produce, in the prostate, is responsible for breaking the clot formed by fibrinogen?

A

profibrinolysin

72
Q

What type of innervation is used in an erection and ejaculation?

A

Point & Shoot ;)

73
Q

Which hormone is responsible for gametogenesis in both sexes?

A

FSH

74
Q

Too much testosterone production will inhibit what and where?

A

GnRH in the hypothalmus

75
Q

As sperm is produced, so is inhibin, too much inhibin will inhibit what and where?

A

FSH in the anterior pituitary

76
Q

The broad ligament encompasses what other smaller ligament sand mesentaries?

A

ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium

77
Q

How many viable haploids are produced in male and female gametogenesis?

A

1 & 4

78
Q

When and where does a secondary oocyte completely divide into an ovum?

A

fertilization & fallopian tube

79
Q

High concentration of estrogen signals what hormone?

A

LH

Anatomy FINAL (8 decks)

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