ALL CHAPTERS REVIEW Flashcards
Which ligament stretches from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity to create the lesser sciatic foramen?
sacrotuberous ligament
Which ligament stretches from the sacrum to the ischial spine to create the greater sciatic foramen?
sacrospinous ligament
Which vessels run through the Ischiorectal fossa (aka pudendal canal?)
Through which other foramen do they travel?
1) Pudendal A,V, & N.
2) G.S & L.S foramen
Which segmental levels innervate the urogenital and pelvic diaphragm?
S2-4 (somatic not parasympathetic)
What does the Umbilical Arteries become in an adult? what mesentary is this derived from?
1) medial umbilical fold/ligament
2) Ventral mesentary
Do the kidneys/intermediate mesoderm begin as trans-segmental or segmental?
segmental
List the 3 stages of kidney development in order of their induction, including any ducts involved. Which one develops differently than the others?
Pronephros → Mesonephros & mesonephric duct → Metanephros, the metanephros
The ureteric bud begins as an outgrowth off the _______ duct but migrates where?
Once in place, in which direction does it grow to the metanephric blastema (embryonic kidney)?
1) mesonephric
2) Bladder
3) caudal to cranial
When the kidneys “ascended” up the aorta, what “ladder” did they climb?
What evidence remains of their ascent?
Did this affect their sympathetic innervation?
1) Segmental/mesonephric arteries
2) multiple renal arteries
3) Yes, little bits of everything
Are the kidneys symmetrically positioned? Why?
1) no,
2) R lower than left because of liver being in the way
What is the function and components of renal parenchyma?
For this reason, where does drainage really begin?
1) Filtering; cortex and medulla.
2) @ the minor calyx
Name the 4 attachments to the bladder.
2 ureters, urachus, urethra
What did the urachus attach to in the embryo?
What does it become in the adult?
1) Allantois
2) median umbilical ligament
The Bladder is lined by _________ epithelium and is stretchy, whereas the _______ __ ___ _________ is not.
1) transitional
2) trigone of the bladder
Is the Ureter attached to the bladder at a right angle or oblique angle?
How does this prevent the back-flow of urine to the kidneys?
1) oblique angle
2) Full bladder expands against each ureter pinching them off
What does the renal corpuscle consist of?
1) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Trace H2O as it travels from the descending aorta to its specific (most likely) point of absorption in the nephron?
D. aorta, renal a., segmental a., interlobar a., (cortical radiate a., afferent arterioles,) glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, descending limb of loop of Henle.
What drives water out of the descending limb and into the renal medulla?
Na+ pumped out of the thick ascending limb increases the osmotic concentration slightly in the medulla, causing water to osmose out.
How is the concentration gradient set up in the interstitial space?
By sodium and chlorine ion transport out of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
True or False. There is one proximal convoluted tubule for every collecting duct
False. Many.
How is water permeability controlled at the collecting duct?
By ADH
How does ADH regulate water osmosis?
Targets the PCT and collecting duct.
Increased ADH –> increased water permeability –> water reabsorption –> increased urine concentration
Water follows sodium. Explain this statement in relation to countercurrent exchange in the nephron
Na+ is actively pumped out of the thick ascending limb, increasing solute conc in the interstitial space. Since water is permeable
What effect does a diuretic have on the nephron?
Does it serve the same function as ADH?
Decreases permeability of water at collecting duct, lose more water, get more dilute urine. No
Will increased ADH lead to an increase/decrease of blood pressure? How?
Increased ADH → increased water permeability → increased blood volume → increases BP
What capillary systems do renal arteries eventually give rise to?
Glomeruli
T/F: Renal veins dump into the hepatic portal system
False. Dump into the IVC because are body wall structures
The sympathetic innervation of the kidney is scattered due to the __1__ of the kidneys and include segments 2 which enter the __3__ plexus.
- ascent
- T5-T9 & T10-T11
- renal
The paired vasculature of the bladder are branches off of which major vessels?
Internal Iliac A & V
What is the route for sympathetic innervation of the bladder?
T12 via the least splanchnic n.
The pelvic nerve parasympathetically innervates the _1___ sphincter, the conscious aspect controls the __2___ sphincter?
- internal
2. external
The kidneys regulate water retention, which is necessary since water is pushed __1__ of the body and into the nephron.
- outside
What 3 vessels/tubes that surround the Juxtaglomerular cells?
Afferent and Efferent arterioles, and DCT
T/F: I have decreased blood pressure therefore I have a lot of water in my blood.
False, increased H20 vol in blood→ increased blood pressure
What hormone increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct; therefore concentrating urine?
ADH. We need H20 reabsorption to have concentrated urine
What system does the endocrine system secrete chemicals into?
Circulatory system
Endocrine glands/cells release __1__ to circulate the body until they react with a unique receptor of __1___ cells/tissues.
- hormonest
2. target
What are the 4 main functions of Aldosterone?
- stimulate ADH secretion, 2. stimulate thirst, 3. Constrict arterioles 4. Na* retention
T/F: The retention of sodium and secretion of ADH allows for an increase in Water reabsorption.
True
What is a neurosecretory cell?
Nerve cell that secretes hormones
What four hormones are made in the Hypothalmus?
Oxytocin, Vasopressin/ADH, IH, RH
The anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary are formed from which respective germ layers?
Ectoderm, neural ectoderm
The __1__ secretes hormones directly into the circulatory system but made by the __2___.
- neurohypophysis
2. hypothalmus
The __1___ makes it’s own hormones but is regulated by __2__ hormones made in the hypothalmus.
- adenohypophysis
2. IH & RH
The pituitary gland rests below the ___1___ and sits in the__2__.
- hypothalmus
2. sella turcica
In females, LH regulates __1__ while __2__ regulates the maturity of gametes.
- ovulation
2. FSH
In males, 1 regulates the maturity of sperm and LH stimulates the release of __2__.
- FSH
2. testosterone
Estrogen and Progesterone are both made by the __1__ is responsible for female sexual characteristics and __2__ aids estrogen in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy.
- ovary, estrogen
2. progesterone
Which lobe of the pituitary contains a portal system?
Anterior
Name a hormone that is involved in converting lymphocytes into T-Cells and in which gland this takes place.
Thymosin, thymopoitin, thymyus humeral factor; thymus gland
The Thymus gland develops from __1__ in the __2__ gill slit pouches, while the thyroid and parathyroid develop in the __3__ gill slit pouches.
- endoderm
- 3rd
- 3rd and 4th
The adrenal cortex is derived from __1__, while the medulla is derived from __2__.
- mesoderm
2. neural crest
Aldosterone, made in the adrenal cortex, is an example of what general hormone?
mineralcorticoids
Pancreatic hormone __1__ is secreted by alpha cells, while __2__ is secreted by beta cells
- Glucagon
2. insulin
Calcitonin of the thyroid gland decreases Calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts, while parathyroid hormone increases calcium by __3__ them.
- decreases
- inhibiting
- promoting
Like the kidneys, the gonads develop
retroperitoneal
Which duct is the fallopian tube derived from?
paramesonephric duct
Which duct is the ductus deferens is derived from?
mesonephric duct
The gubernaculum in a female becomes what in an adult
round ligament of the uterus
The gubernaculum in a male becomes what as an adult?
scrotal ligament
Which 2 structures develop from the genital tubercle?
clitoris or glans of penis
Which erectile tissues make up the clitoris and where were they derived from?
corpora cavernosa clitidoris, crura
Which erectile tissues make up the penis and where were they derived from?
corpus cavernosa (crura), corpus spongiosum (fused bulbs)
What structure does the bulbs become is a female and what type of erectile tissue make it up?
bulbs of the vestibule and labia minora, bulbos spongiosum
What type of tissue surrounds the erectile tissue of the penis?
tunica albuginea
Which 2 cells can be found INSIDE a seminiferous tubule?
germ and sustenacular cells
What hormone do interstitial cells secrete?
testosterone
The acrosome contains what kind of enzymes to weak the egg wall?
digestive enzymes
Prior to ejaculation sperm is stored where?
ampulla
Name 3 things secreted by the seminal vesicles.
sugar, prostaglandins, fibrinogen
Which enzyme produce, in the prostate, is responsible for breaking the clot formed by fibrinogen?
profibrinolysin
What type of innervation is used in an erection and ejaculation?
Point & Shoot ;)
Which hormone is responsible for gametogenesis in both sexes?
FSH
Too much testosterone production will inhibit what and where?
GnRH in the hypothalmus
As sperm is produced, so is inhibin, too much inhibin will inhibit what and where?
FSH in the anterior pituitary
The broad ligament encompasses what other smaller ligament sand mesentaries?
ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium
How many viable haploids are produced in male and female gametogenesis?
1 & 4
When and where does a secondary oocyte completely divide into an ovum?
fertilization & fallopian tube
High concentration of estrogen signals what hormone?
LH
