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Anatomy FINAL > Excretory Physiology lecture 3 > Flashcards

Excretory Physiology lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____________ are branches of descending aorta. Ultimately, branches of it give rise to __________.

A

1) Renal Arteries 2) glomeruli

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2
Q

Kidneys drained by ___________ which dump into the ______________.

A

1) Renal Veins 2) inferior vena cava

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3
Q

Kidney’s DO NOT dump into the hepatic portal system because _________________

A

they are not digestive organs

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4
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of the Kidney: _____________ (multiple branches entering into __________). Synapse in nearby ___________. NOTE: “Kidney’s started in cervical region so it received innervation from multiple segments.”

A

1) T5-T9 & T10-T11 2) renal plexus 3) celiac ganglion

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5
Q

Sympathetic Function of the Kidney: may constrict ___________ to kidneys (_____________), decreasing overall kidney _________.

A

1) blood flow 2) afferent arterioles 3) output

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6
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of the Kidney: _____________ . Synapse on target __________.

A

1) Vagus nerve
2) organ

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Function of the Kidney: “MAY” __________ flow to kidneys, ____________ kidney filtration function, but autonomics play a reduced role and hormonal control is more important.

A

1) increase blood
2) increasing

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8
Q

__________ carries innervation to the kidneys

A

Renal plexus

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9
Q

All vasculatures to the hindgut are unpaired ecxept for the _____________

A

bladder ( diverticulum of the hingut)

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10
Q

VASCULARIZATION OF BLADDER

Superior and Inferior ___________ (Right and Left)

Superior and Inferior ___________ (Right and Left)

the reason why the bladder is paired is because its vasculature is coming from the ___________ and draining into the ____________.

A

1) Vesical Arteries
2) Vesical Veins
3) Internal illiac Artery
4) Internal illiac

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11
Q

Sympathetic Innervation of the bladder: __________ . the nerve that will branch out is called ______________( because they are headed to that region) carrying preganglionic sympethetic fibers, that will go to synapse in the ______________ , then the post ganglionic sympethetic fibers are going to travel to the _______________ which will lead down to the pelvis where you will innervate Pelvis viscera

A

1) T12-L2
2) Lumbar splanchnic nerves
3) inferior mesenteric plexus
4) hypogastric plexus

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12
Q

Sympathetic Function of the bladder: _______ constriction of muscular wall of bladder (relaxing your _________ muscle), contract ____________.

A

1) inhibit
2) detrusor
3) sphincters

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Innervation of the bladder: _______. the branches of these segments that will go down to the plexus and then to the bladder are called __________. will Synapse right on bladder wall.

A

1) S2-4
2) Pelvic nerve

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Function of the bladder ( you mainly want to urinate) : stimulate constriction of muscular wall of bladder ( by constricting your ________ muscle), __________ sphincters.

A

1) detrusor
2) relax

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15
Q

Kidneys are intimately tied to ___________ (water balance), and therefore ___________ regulation.

A

1) fluid regulation
2) blood pressure

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16
Q

WATER BALANCE: The Amount of water to be removed or retained is controlled in part by __________.

Water Gain: Ingested ___________ ; metabolic water

A

1) the kidneys
2) food and fluid

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17
Q

combining Carbohydrte & Oxygen can produce ____________ and ____________.

A

1) Carbon dioxide
2) water

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18
Q

You can lose Water by _____ , feces, ________ , __________ at lungs or skin.

A

1) urine
2) sweat
3) evaporation

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19
Q

Blood is a _________ connective tissue

A

fluid

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20
Q

Once blood enters your Filtration hole from the glomelular to the bowman’s capsule, ________________________________.

A

it is no longer inside of you or your tissues

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21
Q

REMEMBER

A change in fluid pressure in the extracellular region is sensed by the ____________________.

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

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22
Q

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) –increases the permeability of _________________ and ___________ to water. More water CAN ESCAPE OUT OF IT INTO THE INCREASING CONCENTRATION GRADIENT that was set up by the Loops of Henle. (More water is drawn out of the filtrate leading to a more _______________.)

A

1) Distal Convulated Tubules
2) collecting duct
3) concentrated urine

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23
Q

Inhibition of ADH – decreases permeability of ___________ to water. ____________ CAN ESCAPE OUT OF IT INTO THE INCREASING CONCENTRATION GRADIENT that was set up by the Loops of Henle. (The filtrate retains more water, leading to a ______________ urine.)

A

1) collecting tubule
2) Less water
3) less concentrated

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24
Q

ADH

A

Abscence of ADH has a large volume of dilute urine.

Precence of ADH has a small volume of concentrated urine.

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25
Q

Nervous system is _______________ in nature, though neurotransmitters are chemicals that diffuse between ________. The synaptic cleft is very narrow, so nervous transmission remains _________.

A

1) predominantly electrical
2) neurons
3) high

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26
Q

ENDOCRINE structures communicate by secreting chemicals INTO THE ______________________.

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

27
Q

Because the endocrine system is a system where in chemicals diffuse through the circulatory system, it is slower, but often has _____________________.

A

long-lasting in effect.

28
Q

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REGULATORY AGENTS

  • Simple, ___________, __________ which include gasses like carbon dioxide, oxygen as well as calcium, etc.)
  • More Complex and Specific are called ____________.
A

1) Widespread
2) Nonspecific
3) MESSENGERS

29
Q

Animals have specialized tissues that secrete regulatory molecules into the interstitial tissue and blood, and act on remote ___________ within the same organism (person).

The specific tissues that are going to produce those chemicle messengers are called ______________. and the chemical messengers that are produced and released by it are called _________________.

A

1) TARGET CELLS
2) ENDOCRINE GLANDS
3) HORMONES

30
Q

If a chemical messenger is able to interact and cause a change in another cell, then that cell is reffered to as a _____________

A

target cell

31
Q

______________ are on the cells surface and it is what allows the cell to respond to hormones.

MOST OF THE TIME WITH ENDOCRINE STUFF when that specific hormone binds to the ____________, what causes something to happen to that cell which will cause another thing to happen to another cell and so on ( a series of steps that has to occur ), So the end result of those multiple steps is the change of the __________________________________________.

A

1) & 2) Receptor cells
3) physiology or metabolism of the target cell.

32
Q

Although hormones come into contact with ______________ by virtue of their travel through the cardiovascular system, only cells that contain receptors specific for the hormone are affected by the hormone. These types of cells are or organs are called ______________ or _____________.

A

1) all tissues in the body
2) TARGET CELLS
3) TARGET ORGANS

33
Q

Hormones are produced and secreted by endocrine cells in ______________.

A

TRACE AMOUNTS

34
Q

Hormones circulate in the blood to reach all tissues. But, only reacts with specific receptor molecules present in certain _________________

A

target cells/tissues.

35
Q

Hormones can have ______________, frequently activating enzymes.
5.A single hormone may have multiple effects on a single target tissue, or on several different target tissues.

A

CATALYTIC QUALITIES

36
Q

A single hormone may have multiple effects on a _________ target tissue, or on __________ different target tissues.

A

1) single
2) several

37
Q

Remember!!!

A

Just because a structure does one thing, doesn’t meant it can’t do other things.

Many structures are endocrine organs, and have other functions as well.

38
Q

(Hormone Classification by Function)

____________ are generally MOVEMENTS OF SOME KIND. (e.g. pigment migration, muscle contraction, glandular secretion.)

A

Kinetic Effects

39
Q

(Hormone Classification by Function)

Metabolic Effects – consisting mainly of changes in ___________________ of chemical reactions and concentrations in the body.

A

the RATE and balance

40
Q

(Hormone Classification by Function)

__________________ have to do with GROWTH and DIFFERENTIATION.

A

Morphogenetic Effects

41
Q

_______________ the classic way of how most hormones are regulated and their secretion is controlled.

A

1) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

42
Q

once the hormone itself or its product reaches a certain critical level or concentration then that will now cause an _________________, on the synthetic or secretory processes responsible for the original production of the hormone. (BASICALLY TELL IT TO STOP)

A

INHIBITORY EFFECT

43
Q

Decrease in blood pressure causes decrease in amount of ______________.

A

1) extracellular fluid

44
Q

Decrease in extracellular pressure and blood pressure near distal convoluted tubule causes ________________ to release the hormone RENIN.

A

juxtaglomerular cells

45
Q

RENIN in blood stream converts the liver enzyme ________________ into ANGIOTENSIN I.

A

ANGIOTENSINOGEN

46
Q

ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (in the lung capillaries) converts Angiotensin I into ______________.

A

ANGIOTENSIN II

47
Q

Angiotensin II causes ADRENAL GLAND to secrete/release ___________________.

A

ALDOSTERONE

48
Q

what is the function of ALDOSTERONE

1) ________________
2) ________________
3) ________________

High concentrations of ADH also cause vasoconstriction.

A

1) stimulates ADH secretion
2) stimulates thirst
3) constricts arterioles.

49
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the ___________________. Coupled with the effects of ADH, this leads to an increase in H2O reabsorption. which will cause:
• ________________
• ________________
• ________________
• ________________

A

1) RETENTION OF SODIUM IONS
•Urine volume decreased
•Fluid retained
•Blood volume increases
•Blood pressure increases.

50
Q

cycle

A

Renin-angiotensin feedback loop

Green= hormone Purple= enzyme Blue= osmotic Orange= glands

51
Q

What capillary systems do renal arteries eventually give rise to?

A

Glomeruli

52
Q

T/F: Renal veins dump into the hepatic portal system.

A

False. Dump into the IVC because are body wall structures

53
Q

The sympathetic innervation of the kidney is scattered due to the _________ of the kidneys and include segments _______ & _________ which enter the _____ plexus.

A

1) ascent
2) T5-T9
3) T10-T11
4) renal

54
Q

The paired vasculature of the bladder are branches off of which major vessels?

A

Internal Iliac A & V.

55
Q

What is the route for sympathetic innervation of the bladder?

A

Sympathetic trunk->lumbar splanchnic nerves->inferior mesenteric plexus-> synapse at inferior mesenteric ganglion->hypogastric plexus

56
Q

The pelvic nerve parasympathetically innervates the _______ sphincter, the conscious aspect controls the _________ sphincter.

A

1) internal
2) external

57
Q

The kidneys regulate water retention, which is necessary since water is pushed __________ of the body and into the nephron

A

outside

58
Q

What 3 vessels/tubes that surround the Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Afferent and Efferent arterioles, and DCT

59
Q

T/F: I have decreased blood pressure therefore I have a lot of water in my blood.

A

False, increased H20 vol in blood→ increased blood pressure

60
Q

What hormone increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct; therefore concentrating urine?

A

ADH. We need H20 reabsorption to have concentrated urine

61
Q

What system does the endocrine system secrete chemicals into?

A

Circulatory system

62
Q

Endocrine glands/cells release __________ to circulate the body until they react with a unique receptor of target _____________.

A

1) hormones
2) cells/tissues

63
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Aldosterone?

A
  1. stimulate ADH secretion
  2. stimulate thirst
  3. Constrict arterioles
  4. Na* retention
64
Q

T/F: The retention of sodium and secretion of ADH allows for an increase in Water reabsorption.

A

True.

Anatomy FINAL (8 decks)

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