Human Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Cycles lecture 6

Question 1

Sperm production takes place in the ____________. Each testis contains ~500 coiled tubules called ________________ – that produce hundreds (thousands?) of sperm each second in healthy males.

Answer 1

1) testes
2) SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

Question 2

The inner lining of each tubule is lined with germinal tissue ( germinal means it’s gonna create something) – germinal tissue includes two kinds of cells knowns as

1)

2)

Answer 2

1) Germ cells
2) SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS

Question 3

•GERM CELLS goes through _________, these cells produce haploid sperm cells. All four resultant cells are viable sperm cells.

Answer 3

1) meiosis

Question 4

•SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS – nourish and __________________. They also secrete lubricating fluid to aid outward movement of sperm as they exit testis via ______________ and eventually epididymis. Also produces AMH (__________________), which regulates other hormones (e.g. testosterone, estradiol)

Answer 4

1) protect germ cells (so they can undergo meiosis)
2) efferent ductules
3) anti-Mullerian hormone

Question 5

After it’s secreted by the sustentacular cells, the _______________ causes the “regression تراجع” of the paramesonephric duct.

Answer 5

anti-Mullerian hormone

Question 6

Between seminiferous tubules there are clusters of endocrine cells called ____________ (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS.

Answer 6

INTERSTITIAL

Question 7

These cells secrete male sex hormones – ANDROGENS, the most important of which is __________________.

Answer 7

TESTOSTERONE

Question 8

Sperm cells are amongst the smallest in the body (~1/20 mm).
Simple construction: __________________.
Tail is a flagellum – whipping motion provides ____________.
Base of tail contains a coiled _______________ to provide power for movement.

Answer 8

1) head and tail
2) motility
3) mitochondrion

Question 9

Sperm Head contains nucleus and an organelle called an _____________ which contains digestive enzymes that helps sperm to penetrate egg (if present).

Answer 9

1)ACROSOME (a combination of vesicles diffused together)

Question 10

Seminiferous tubules lead into straight tubules, then into larger set of tubules called _______________.

Answer 10

RETE TESTIS

Question 11

Rete testis ultimately drains into larger tubules called ______________, which in turn drain into ____________.

Answer 11

1) efferent ductules
2) EPIDIDYMIS

Question 12

Epididymis includes _________, ________ , and TAIL.
Tail of epididymis dilates (expands) into _______________.

Answer 12

1) HEAD
2) BODY
3) DUCTUS DEFERENS

Question 13

Epididymis is a site of __________ storage

Answer 13

sperm (it’s not motile)

Question 14

Epididimis secretes an enzyme that ___________________ of sperm that it can’t move.

Answer 14

Prevents the capacitence

Question 15

DUCTUS DEFERENS passes up spermatic cord, and into body through _______________.
Inside body, right and left ductus deferens pass __________ over ureters, then loops _________ to them behind the urinary bladder.

Answer 15

1) inguinal canal
2) cranially
3) dorsal

Question 16

As each duct passes behind (dorsal to) bladder, it has appended to it a gland called the ________________.

Answer 16

SEMINAL VESICLE

Question 17

Just prior to attachment of the seminal vesicle, the ductus enlarges into an ________, which is a position of sperm storage prior to ejaculation.

Answer 17

AMPULLA

Question 18

Notice how the spermatic cord loops ventral to (“in front of”) the attachment of the ureter of the bladder.

Answer 18

Question 19

SEMINAL VESICLE has the enzyme which causes ______________ of the sperm

Answer 19

the capacitence

Question 20

SEMINAL VESICLE

• Plastered up against the dorsal side of ____________.
• Exocrine glands - provide secretions that make up most of _____________.
• Fluid lubricates path of exiting sperm.
• Fluid is energy-rich (sugar rich) , providing food for sperm which is called _________.

Answer 20

1) urinary bladder
2) seminal fluid
3) Fructose

Question 21

SEMINAL VESICLE Secretions is slightly __________. it helps to neutralize slightly acidic environment of vagina.

Answer 21

alkaline

Question 22

_______________ promotes uterine contractions to help facilitate sperm movement up uterus into fallopian tubes.
___________ forms a temporary clot in vagina.

Once beyond the seminal vesicle, ductus is referred to as the ejaculatory duct. These are paired structures which empty into the prostatic urethra.

Answer 22

1) PROSTAGLANDINS
2) Fibrinogen

Question 23

• Ejaculatory ducts come together to join the urethra within the mass of the ____________.
• Prostate is a single, midline gland just ________ to urinary bladder.
• Prostate is a mass of ____________, glandular tissue, and _____________.

Answer 23

1) prostate gland
2) inferior
3) connective tissue
4) smooth muscle

Question 24

Prostate gland secretes Prostatic fluid that acts on the _____________ that is inside the seminal fluid that causes the clot in Females Vagina, after the temporery Clotting enzyme, the ____________ will break the clot down.

Answer 24

1) Fibrinogen
2) profibrinolysin

Question 25

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS is located in the ______________.

Answer 25

Cranial body wall

Question 26

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS is a Pair of glands at the base of prostate. it Secrets _____________ (pre-ejaculatory fluid that Lubricates the urethra & glans of penis.

Answer 26

Alkaline mucus

Question 27

ERECTION

• Primarily a PARASYMPATHETIC function segments __________
• Parasympathetic function stimulates dilation of penile blood vessels – causing __________ of penis with blood. (A muscular hydrostat). Parasympathetic action potentials also stimulate glands to _____________ (e.g., bulbourethral).

Answer 27

1) sacral outflow (S2, S3, S4) (Autonomic control)
2) engorgement
3) secrete fluids

Question 28

• An erection is Initiated by sensory stimuli, including sensations conveyed via _____________
• Conscious thoughts (cerebral cortex) can either ________________ erection center in hypothalamus.
• Also in part a sacral reflex (spinal cord injuries do not preclude sexual activity)

Answer 28

1) pudendal nerves
2) stimulate or inhibit

Question 29

EJACULATION

• A ____________ FUNCTION!!
• Sympathetic fibers innervate smooth muscle of ____________.
• Produces forceful ____________ contractions of smooth muscle of ductus deferens.
• Peristalsis _________ sperm and seminal fluid out distal end of urethra.

Answer 29

1) SYMPATHETIC
2) ductus deferens
3) peristaltic
4) propels

Question 30

GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) – (hypothalamus) stimulates secretion of _________________ and

___________________ from ant. pituitary .

Answer 30

1) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 31

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) and LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) are both produced by anterior pituitary and are Responsible for stimulating ____________ and ___________ secretion.

Answer 31

1) spermatogenesis
2) testosterone

Question 32

TESTOSERONE – stimulates development of male sex organs, as well as secondary sexual characteristics. Participates in feedback loop involving _________. Also inhibits secretion of ___.

Answer 32

1) GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)
2) LH

Question 33

INHIBIN – secreted by __________ cells, in response to sperm production. Inhibits secretion of _____.

Answer 33

1) sustentacular
2) FSH

Question 34

Hypothalamus passes down to the Anterior Pituitary Gland through the _________________.

Answer 34

Pituitary portal system.

Question 35

VERY IMPORTANT

Answer 35

Question 36

those three makes up the???????
•Mesovarium
•Mesosalpinx
•Mesometrium

Answer 36

BROAD LIGAMENT

Question 37

MEIOSIS IN FEMALES

• (Recall that in males, each germinal cell produces four haploid cells – each of which becomes a viable sperm cell.)
• In females, only ______ of the resulting cells will be viable and the other ______ degenerate.

Answer 37

1) one
2) Three

Question 38

Before first meiotic division in females, each germinal cell remains in suspended development. That is called _____________(diploid).

Answer 38

PRIMARY OOCYTE

Question 39

1st meiotic division is not completed until puberty, when ________________ cycle.

Answer 39

FSH triggers ovarian

Question 40

After 1st meiotic division, the remaining largest cell is the ________________ (haploid).

Answer 40

SECONDARY OOCYTE

Question 41

2nd meiotic division is not completed until _________________ (haploid).

Answer 41

thta oocyte is fertilized

Question 42

Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epithelial vesicle called a ___________.

Answer 42

FOLLICLE

Question 43

It is within a follicle that the 1st meiotic division is completed to create _______________.

Answer 43

secondary oocyte

Question 44

Ovarian cycle has 2 basic stages which are

1) _________________
2) _________________

Answer 44

1) Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
2) Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)

Question 45

Follicular phase (preovulatory phase) – _________________ of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte within follicle. Release of _______________.

Answer 45

1) development and maturation

Question 46

Luteal phase (postovulatory phase) – degeneration of empty __________ and preparation of uterus for ___________.

Answer 46

1) follicle
2) pregnancy

Question 47

what are the steps for Follicular phase ?

Answer 47

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE —-> PRIMARY FOLLICLE —-> SECONDARY FOLLICLE —-> TERTIARY FOLLICLE (VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE, GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE)

Question 48

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE – not yet ____________.
PRIMARY FOLLICLE – develops _________ & thecal cells and zona _________
SECONDARY FOLLICLE – follicular fluid develops between ______ and ________ layers of follicle

Answer 48

1) growing
2) granulosa
3) pellucida
4) inner & outer

Question 49

TERTIARY FOLLICLE (VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE, GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE) – fluid fills the _________, and primary oocyte matures into secondary oocyte, almost _____________.

Answer 49

1) antrum
2) ready to be released

Question 50

what are the steps for Luteal phase?

Answer 50

CORPUS LUTEUM —-> CORPUS ALBICANS

Question 51

CORPUS LUTEUM – what is left of follicle after ________. Corpus luteum secretes some _________ and mostly __________, both of which are important in regulating female menstrual cycle.
•CORPUS ALBICANS – degenerated __________.

Answer 51

1) ovulation
2) ESTROGEN
3) PROGESTERONE
4) follicle

Question 52

•____________ is the release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle.
•Occurs in response to high concentrations of __________, primarily LH.
•Secondary oocyte is “_________” from ovary directly through mass of ovarian wall.
Fimbria directs oocyte into ______________, preventing movement into coelom.

Answer 52

1) OVULATION
2) Gonadotropins
3) ejected
4) fallopian tube

Question 53

VERY IMPORTANT SO AFTER MASTERING THE OTHER CARD COME BACK AND MAKE CONNECTION

Answer 53

Question 54

Hypothalamus releases GnRH that acts on the adenohypophysis and makes it produce and secrete ____________

Answer 54

FSH & LH

Question 55

The target of FSH in the female is to produce ______________, which has two functions. LIST THEM

• Release ____________
• THey start to mature, which will cause the _________________________

Answer 55

1) granulosa cells
2) granulosa cells
2) OOCYTE to mature and develope

Question 56

what happens at the luteal phase?

the uterine cycle shows the endometrium which is the

Answer 56

1) the hormone secreted changes
2) inner linning of the uterus

Question 57

FSH levels are higher than LH levels from day 0-14 to _______________

Answer 57

stimulate the development

Question 58

Bleeding the first day on your period represent the ___________________________ if and only if there is no pregnancy.

Answer 58

Destruction of the endometrium

Question 59

While the previous Cycle’s endometrium degenerates, the next Cycle’s folecels are being produced, what does that tell us about the estrogen levels?

Answer 59

it is usually low,

(when the endometrium develops, the estrogen level rises)

Question 60

“HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH). Pay attention to the pulse rate. This stimulates the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.”

Hormones are not released at a ______________.

at the this starting point, our GnRH pulse frequency is usually ____________.

and FSH is released at _____________

Answer 60

1) steady rate
2) medium
3) higher levels

Question 61

FSH STIMULATES MATURATION OF _______________.

Answer 61

PRIMARY FOLLICLE

Question 62

Developing follicles secrete slowly increasing amounts of _____________. Eventually, ___________ will affect FSH levels.

Answer 62

1) estrogen & inhibin
2) inhibin

Question 63

MATURING FOLLICLE SECRETES ESTROGEN. Estrogen: (A) at low levels, inhibits secretion of ____; (B) as it increases, builds the uterine wall (___________________).

Answer 63

1) LH ( low levels means that oocyte is not mature )
2) endometrium (prepares it for the possibility that implantations can occur)

Question 64

RISING LEVELS OF INHIBIN DECREASE FSH LEVELS. This dip in FSH levels, separates the _____________ from the rest.

Answer 64

dominant follicle

Question 65

HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ESTROGEN LEADS TO __________ SECRETION. There is a change in GnRH pulse rate and the effect on LH is reversed.

THE GnRH pulse freaquence is ___________

Answer 65

1) INCREASE IN LH ( estrogent has to stay high for 3 days then LH will be secreted )
2) high

Question 66

HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN STIMULATE SECRETION OF LH BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY. Spike in LH causes _____________ of primary oocyte & ______________ of the secondary oocyte – leaving follicle without egg which is called (______________). (Approximately day 15.)

LH weakens the Outer wall of folicle

Answer 66

1) maturation
2) ovulation
3) the corpus luteum

Question 67

Estrogen leads to the initial Development of _______________ and will handover those responsibilites to _______________, which will increase the vasculation and development of it (first blank), and also turn on the Secretion of __________________

Answer 67

1) endometrium
2) progestrone
3) Uterine Glands

Question 68

_________________ SECRETES ESTROGEN ANDPROGESTERONE. This maintains the endometrium for 15-16 days and inhibits ___________.

Hight progestrone results with ______________ GnRH pulse frequency.

Answer 68

1) CORPUS LUTEUM
2) FSH & LH.
3) Very LOW

NOTE THAT FSH IS EVEN LOWER THAN LH.

Question 69

HIGH PROGESTERONE LEVELS ____________ GnRH PULSE RATE. This change in pulse rate, coupled with inhibin secretion, keeps _____________ levels low.

Answer 69

1) DECREASE
2) Gonadotropin

Question 70

(If oocyte is not _______________in the uterine wall) CORPUS DEGENERATES (TO _____________) AND STOPS PRODUCING ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE.

Answer 70

1) fertilized and implanted
2) CORPUS ALBICANS

Question 71

DECREASE IN PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN. Low Progesterone & Estrogen levels allow GnRH pulse rate to _______________. This allows an ______________ secretion by pituitary again. The cycle is ready to repeat.

Answer 71

1) slightly increase.
2) increase in FSH

Question 72

WITHOUT ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE, ENDOMETRIUM BREAKS DOWN – ______________ OCCURS. which is the sloughing off of the enlarged endometrial wall along with __________________. This physical event marks __________

_______.

Answer 72

1) MENSTRUATION
2) blood and mucous
3) the beginning of the cycle.

Question 73

IF – SOMEWHERE BETWEEN:

HIGH LEVELS OF ESTROGEN STIMULATE SECRETION OF LH BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY. Spike in LH causes maturation of primary oocyte & ovulation of the secondary oocyte – leaving follicle without egg (the corpus luteum). (Approximately day 15.)

And

(If oocyte is not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall) CORPUS DEGENERATES (TO CORPUS ALBICANS) AND STOPS PRODUCING ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE.

SPERM GETS TO EGG. THEN

Answer 73

1) FERTILIZATION CAN TAKE PLACE, AND ULTIMATELY, EMBRYO CAN BECOME IMPLANTED IN UTERINE WALL.

Question 74

Females can store sperm for about ___________.

(Also, it turns out that unused oocytes are actively scavenged.)

With sex before ovulation, sperm can be stored for use. So, even though __________ hasn’t occurred, pregnancy can occur because the female is holding on to the sperm.

From point of ovulation (about day 15) to the point where the corpus luteum begins to degenerate (about day 25), fertilization can take place.

The potential for fertilization is highest during the ___________________________

Answer 74

1) four days
2) ovulation
3) first three days of this 10-day period.

Question 75

HORMONAL REGULATION IN PREGNANT FEMALES

Developing embryo has _________________ membranes: chorion, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois.

Chorion is the embryonic contribution to placenta.

Chorionic portion secretes ______________________ (hCG).

hCG prevents _______________ from degenerating – thus it continues to secrete PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN.

This maintains integrity of uterine wall and inhibits subsequent _______________ (due to lack of FSH or LH).

Hormonal birth-control mimics these high estrogen & progesterone levels to trick the body into thinking it is pregnant and thus inhibiting ovulation.

Answer 75

1) extra-embryonic
2) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
3) corpus luteum
4) ovulation