overview of the immune system Flashcards
1
Q
what type of disease is periodontitis
A
Poly microbial, immune mediated(inflamation) disease
2
Q
types of Mammalian Immune Response
A
Innate and Adaptive
3
Q
The first responders to infection
A
Innate Immune Response
4
Q
Immune response that broadly looks for patterns with danger and pathogen and tissue damage
A
Innate Immune Response
5
Q
Where Immunological memory is found
A
In the Adaptive Immune Response
6
Q
Relation of the Innate Immune Response to the Adaptive Immune Response
A
Innate trains the adpative to know what to look for
7
Q
A non-specific, Rapidly Inflammityory response
A
Innate Immunity
8
Q
A targetted to antigen, delayed response
A
Adaptive Immunity
9
Q
Immune response with more cell types
A
Innate Immunity
10
Q
Why Innate Immunity has more cells
A
Different cells respond to different pathogens or trama differently
11
Q
Where hematopoisesis occures
A
In the Bone Marrow
12
Q
When Hematopoiesis occures
A
after birth
13
Q
Cells that exist because of Hematopoiesis
A
Platelets, Red Blood cells, White blood cells (Myeloid and Lymphoid)
14
Q
How cell type is determined during hematopoiesis
A
environment that they are surrounded by
Singals it recieves by stromal cell within bone marrow
15
Q
Hematopoisites can become
A
Myeloid or Lymphoid cells
16
Q
Myloid cells become:
A
Innate Immune cells and Red blood cells and Platelets
17
Q
Lymphoid cells become
A
T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells
18
Q
What bones do hematopoiesis
A
Young: long bones, old: flat bones
19
Q
Most abundant Leukocyte in circulation
A
Neutrophils
20
Q
Involved in Inflammatory and allergic response
A
Basophils
21
Q
Involved in combating parasitic infection and allergic response
A
Eosinophils
22
Q
Myeloid dervied cells
A
Granulocytes( neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils)
Phagocytes(Monocytes, macrophages, Conventional Dendritic Cells)
23
Q
Monocytes are involved in:
A
Phagocytosis
24
Q
Travel and differentiation of Monocytes
A
Circulate in blood, enter tissue to differentiate into macrophage or dendtric cells
25
Macrophages role
Phagocytic cells that present antigens, clear away broken stuff
26
where Macrophages are found
in all tissue
27
Function of Conventional Dendritic cells
Similar to macrophages, and activate naive T cells
28
Mast Cells contain
Preformed granules, despite NOT being a granulocyte
29
Roll of Mast cells
Defense against Parasitic worms, and allergic response
30
Cells from lymphoid Lineage
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells
31
types of T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic(CD8) and Helper (CD4)
32
Roll of T lymphocytes
Suppressor/regulatory
33
B lymphocytes differentiate into:
plasma cells
34
Roll of B lymphocytes
antibody production
35
roll of Natural killer cells
Innate immune response (non antigen specific)
36
adaptive immunity cells
T and B lymphocytes
37
Molecule capable of inducing an immune response
Antigen
38
Portective proteins made by B cells that recognize 1 specific antigen
Antibody/ immunoglobulin
39
How immune cells communicate
Secrete signalling molcules (cytokines and Chemokines)
40
Cell signalling molecules for chemotaxis
Chemokines
41
types of cell receptors for for cell communication
Internal and External
42
Domains of cell surface receptors
Extracellular, Trransmembrane, cytoplasmic
43
Steps of cellular communication
Ligand binds to receptor(intracellular domain aggregate)
Phosphorylation of Protein tyrosine Kinase
Protein tyrosine kinase initiate a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorlation events
44
Phosphorylation of Protein tyrosine kinases leads to:
Release of Cellular mediators
Actin rearrangement
Transcriptional activation leading to production of Target proteins
45
Group of secreted proteins that are involved in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses
Cytokines
46
Cytokines involved in activation and proliferation
G-CSF, IFNgamma
47
Inflammation cytokines
IL-1beta, TNG-alpha
48
Cell migration and movemnt cytokines
CCL2, CSCL1, CX3CL1
49
Immunosuppression Cytokines
IL-10, TGF-beta
50
Autocrine
Acts on itself
51
Paracrine
Acts on nearby cells
52
Endocrine
Circulation
53
ORganized clusters of Lymphoid cells
Follicle
54
Many Follicles grouped together
Patch
55
Groups of follicles that are encapsulated
Organ
56
Primary lymphoid tissue
Thymus and Bone Marrow
57
where secondary lymphoid tissue is found
everywhere but thymus and bone marrow
58
stromal cell network involved in
create collony stimulating factory to push cells to a certain lineage
59
What cell does not levae the bone marrow mature
The T cell
60
where The T cell finishes maturation
in the thymus
61
what are secondary lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes
spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT, BALT,GALT)
Skinn associated Lympohid tissue
62
NALT
Nasopharynx
63
BALT
Bronchial
64
GALT
gut
65
SALT
Skin
66
Role of Lymph vessels
Cary lymph to send to nodes so that infetion can be noted and immune response can begin
67
define lymph
Fluid collected from interstitial fluid that empties into the lymphatic vessels
68
WHat do Afferent vessels see when going to a lymph nodes?
ENter cortex filled with B cells
Then PAracortex filled with T cells
THen Medula filled with plasma cells
then exit via efferent lymph vessel
69
Role of spleen
surveying the blood
70
What is found at the arterial end of the spleen
B cell follicles with some t cells just chillin'
71
How cells are allowed to leave the cappliaries for an immune response
addhesion molecules on the cappilary wall and cell bind and hold it at that spot. eventually moves through endothelial cells to get to tissue
72
what immune cells can recirculate
Lymphocytes
73
Recirculating of Lymphocytes
Enter lymph node, hang out, leave if inactivated and go somewhere else. Repeat until they find some action
74
what happens in an infection
Pathogen touches a dendritic cell and it phagocytosises it and processes its antigen to go into the lymphatics. It enters lymphnodes and presents said antigen to the T cells. T cells activate, expand, and goes to circulation to find infection and helps innate immune response to better fight
75
Importance of the innate immune response
Maintain physical and chemical barriers against microbial entry
Inital response to pathogen
Remove damaged cells
Initiates tissue repair and healing, and inflamation
Stimulates adaptive immune response
76
what immune response is non speicific
Innate
77
what can trigger innate immunity
infectious or non-infectious material
78
relation of the innate and adaptive immune response
Innate coordinated adaptive, adaptive boosts innate
79
Non-induceable innate immunity
Skin(epithelial cells), mucus, commensal bacteria, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides
80
antimicrobial peptides
Alpha and Beta-Defensins; Cathelicidin
81
Inducible innate mechanism
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Innate immune cells(neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, Natural killer cells)
Neutralizing antiodies (secretory IgA)
```
82
Most important part of immunity to prevent infection
The skin(epithelial cells)
83
What cells reside under the skin to fight infection
Mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, some T cells
84
How Innate immune cells recognize danger and nonself
recognize through patterns
85
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters for BActeria
Lipoplysaccharide, peptidoglycan, CpG DNA, flagellin
86
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters for Viruses
double stranded and single stranded RNA
87
Pathogen associated Molecular Patters for fungus
Chitin, Zymosan
88
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns
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Complement products
Reactive Oxygen Intermediateas
Stress-induced molecules
Metabolic Products
Nucleic acids
Exogenous substances
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89
Complemt products of DAMPs
C3b, C4b
90
REactive oxygen intermediates of DAMPs
H2O2, OH, O2-
91
Stress-induced molecules DAMPs
Head shock proteins, chaperone proteins, lactoferrin, Hyaluronic acid fragments
92
Medtabolic product DAMPs
K, ATP, uric acid, Cholesterol, saturated fatty acids
93
Nucleic acid DAMPs
mRNA, ssRNA, chromatin components (histones)
94
Exogenous substances DAMPs
Alum, silica, asbestos
95
Patern Recognition receptors can be
Cell-associated or unassociated with a cell
96
Examples of Pattern REcognition receptors
Toll-like, NOD-like, RIG-lik, C-type LEctin, Scavenger, Collectins
97
Where are Toll like REceptors found
bond to the membrane(either cell membrane or endosome)
98
TLR1
Bacterial lipopetides
99
TLR2
BActerial peptidoglycan
100
TLR3
dsRNA
101
TLR4
LPS
102
TLR5
Bacterial Flagellin
103
TLR6
Bacterial lipopetides
104
TLR7
ssRNA
105
TLR8
ssRNA
106
TLR9
CpG DNA
107
TRL1 and TLR2 like to
associate with each other
108
TRL2 and TLR6 like to
associate with each other
109
Toll-like receptors on the endosome
TLR3, TLR7, TLE8, TLR9
110
What cells highly express Toll-like recptors
Dendritic cells, Monocyctes/macrophages, neutrophils
111
Activation of Toll-like Receptors leads to
DC maturation, Stimulation of antigen presention, Phagocytosis, Cellular activation, PRoduction of proinflammatory cytokinnes/chemokines
112
Where are NOD-like Receptors found
Free- cytoplasmic
113
NOD-like Receptors recognize
PAMPs and Damps
114
Complexes of NOD-like Receptors
inflammasomes
115
Inflammasomes (activation of IL-1 and IL-18) lead to
Caspase 1 activation
116
NOD-like Receptor activation can lead to
apoptosis, and autophagy
117
relation betwen toll-like and NOD-like receptors
Work together
118
Where Retinoic ACid Inducible Gene-1 (RIG) Receptors are found
Cytoplasmic receptors
119
RIG REceptors recognize
VIral RNA
120
Activation of RIG receptors leads to
Production of Antiviral Proteins (Interferon Alpha and Beta)
121
rWhat does LEctin bind to
Binds to carbohydrates
122
Why pathogens use Lectins
To bind to target cells
123
C-type Lectin Receptors recognize
Carbohydrates based DAMPs and LAMPs
124
Group 1 CLR's
Mannose
125
Group 2 CLR's
asialoglycoprotein
126
Scavenger REceptors bind to
Lipids from host or foreign
127
Why Scavenger Receptors can tell when cells are about to die
Cell membrane starts to flip when dying, and Scavenger Receptors can sense it
128
Collagen domain fused to a lectin domain
Collectins
129
Where Collectins are found
In blood
130
Upon binding to a ligand (Carbs), collectins can
Activate Complement, Phagocytosis, Agglutination
131
Serum based mechanism to destroy pathogens
Complement activation
132
What is involved in Complement Activation
no cells, just 30 Proteins
133
What does complement activation lead to:
1. Pathogen Destruction
2. Pathogen opsonization(aids phagocytosis)
3. Clearance of immune complexes (Ab-Ag)
4. Creation of peptides to help the inflammatory response
134
3 pathways for complement activation
Classical, Lectin and Alternative
135
What activates the Classical Complement
Antigen antibody complexes and C1
136
What activates the Lectin Pathway
Manose binding ligand binding to a pathogen
137
What activates the Alternative Pathway
Binding of C3 to a pathogen
138
What pathway for complement activation is delayed
Classical
139
All pathways for complimentation reaches what point
C3 being cut into C3b and C3a. C3a= inflammation, C3b=attaches to pathogen
C5 then is cleaved to C5b and C5a. C5a= inflammation c5b= lysis of microbe
140
what is C3b
An opsonin, aids with phagocytosis
141
roles of c3b
opsonin, Solubizations of Immune complexes, Virus Neutralization
142
Action of C5b
Attaches to pathogen membrane and aids in other proteins coming in a forming a pore on the pathogen. causes problems, and pathogen death
143
Engulfment of fluid and macromolecules
Macropinocytosis
144
Similar to macropinocytosis but receptor mediated
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
145
Ingestion of Large extracellular particles, and receptor mediated
Phagocytosis
146
ONce something is injested by the cell
Enters as an endosome, processed to become a Late-endosome. Late endosome fuses with a lysosome to form a endolysosome. peptides go to PAMPS or DAMPs or exocytosis or antigen presenting
147
hat is needed for Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated, but still have lysosomes added to it to form a phago-lysosome
148
Autophagy
Reuses old stuff, good for fighting infection that have entered cell.
149
role of inflammation
Elimate foreign substances and repair damaged tissue
