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micro immuno exam 1 > overview of the immune system > Flashcards

overview of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

what type of disease is periodontitis

A

Poly microbial, immune mediated(inflamation) disease

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2
Q

types of Mammalian Immune Response

A

Innate and Adaptive

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3
Q

The first responders to infection

A

Innate Immune Response

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4
Q

Immune response that broadly looks for patterns with danger and pathogen and tissue damage

A

Innate Immune Response

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5
Q

Where Immunological memory is found

A

In the Adaptive Immune Response

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6
Q

Relation of the Innate Immune Response to the Adaptive Immune Response

A

Innate trains the adpative to know what to look for

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7
Q

A non-specific, Rapidly Inflammityory response

A

Innate Immunity

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8
Q

A targetted to antigen, delayed response

A

Adaptive Immunity

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9
Q

Immune response with more cell types

A

Innate Immunity

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10
Q

Why Innate Immunity has more cells

A

Different cells respond to different pathogens or trama differently

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11
Q

Where hematopoisesis occures

A

In the Bone Marrow

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12
Q

When Hematopoiesis occures

A

after birth

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13
Q

Cells that exist because of Hematopoiesis

A

Platelets, Red Blood cells, White blood cells (Myeloid and Lymphoid)

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14
Q

How cell type is determined during hematopoiesis

A

environment that they are surrounded by

Singals it recieves by stromal cell within bone marrow

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15
Q

Hematopoisites can become

A

Myeloid or Lymphoid cells

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16
Q

Myloid cells become:

A

Innate Immune cells and Red blood cells and Platelets

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17
Q

Lymphoid cells become

A

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells

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18
Q

What bones do hematopoiesis

A

Young: long bones, old: flat bones

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19
Q

Most abundant Leukocyte in circulation

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Involved in Inflammatory and allergic response

A

Basophils

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21
Q

Involved in combating parasitic infection and allergic response

A

Eosinophils

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22
Q

Myeloid dervied cells

A

Granulocytes( neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils)

Phagocytes(Monocytes, macrophages, Conventional Dendritic Cells)

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23
Q

Monocytes are involved in:

A

Phagocytosis

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24
Q

Travel and differentiation of Monocytes

A

Circulate in blood, enter tissue to differentiate into macrophage or dendtric cells

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25
Q

Macrophages role

A

Phagocytic cells that present antigens, clear away broken stuff

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26
Q

where Macrophages are found

A

in all tissue

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27
Q

Function of Conventional Dendritic cells

A

Similar to macrophages, and activate naive T cells

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28
Q

Mast Cells contain

A

Preformed granules, despite NOT being a granulocyte

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29
Q

Roll of Mast cells

A

Defense against Parasitic worms, and allergic response

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30
Q

Cells from lymphoid Lineage

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells

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31
Q

types of T lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic(CD8) and Helper (CD4)

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32
Q

Roll of T lymphocytes

A

Suppressor/regulatory

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33
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into:

A

plasma cells

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34
Q

Roll of B lymphocytes

A

antibody production

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35
Q

roll of Natural killer cells

A

Innate immune response (non antigen specific)

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36
Q

adaptive immunity cells

A

T and B lymphocytes

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37
Q

Molecule capable of inducing an immune response

A

Antigen

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38
Q

Portective proteins made by B cells that recognize 1 specific antigen

A

Antibody/ immunoglobulin

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39
Q

How immune cells communicate

A

Secrete signalling molcules (cytokines and Chemokines)

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40
Q

Cell signalling molecules for chemotaxis

A

Chemokines

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41
Q

types of cell receptors for for cell communication

A

Internal and External

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42
Q

Domains of cell surface receptors

A

Extracellular, Trransmembrane, cytoplasmic

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43
Q

Steps of cellular communication

A

Ligand binds to receptor(intracellular domain aggregate)
Phosphorylation of Protein tyrosine Kinase
Protein tyrosine kinase initiate a series of phosphorylation and dephosphorlation events

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44
Q

Phosphorylation of Protein tyrosine kinases leads to:

A

Release of Cellular mediators
Actin rearrangement
Transcriptional activation leading to production of Target proteins

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45
Q

Group of secreted proteins that are involved in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Cytokines

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46
Q

Cytokines involved in activation and proliferation

A

G-CSF, IFNgamma

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47
Q

Inflammation cytokines

A

IL-1beta, TNG-alpha

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48
Q

Cell migration and movemnt cytokines

A

CCL2, CSCL1, CX3CL1

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49
Q

Immunosuppression Cytokines

A

IL-10, TGF-beta

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50
Q

Autocrine

A

Acts on itself

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51
Q

Paracrine

A

Acts on nearby cells

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52
Q

Endocrine

A

Circulation

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53
Q

ORganized clusters of Lymphoid cells

A

Follicle

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54
Q

Many Follicles grouped together

A

Patch

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55
Q

Groups of follicles that are encapsulated

A

Organ

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56
Q

Primary lymphoid tissue

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

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57
Q

where secondary lymphoid tissue is found

A

everywhere but thymus and bone marrow

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58
Q

stromal cell network involved in

A

create collony stimulating factory to push cells to a certain lineage

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59
Q

What cell does not levae the bone marrow mature

A

The T cell

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60
Q

where The T cell finishes maturation

A

in the thymus

61
Q

what are secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes
spleen
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT, BALT,GALT)
Skinn associated Lympohid tissue

62
Q

NALT

A

Nasopharynx

63
Q

BALT

A

Bronchial

64
Q

GALT

A

gut

65
Q

SALT

A

Skin

66
Q

Role of Lymph vessels

A

Cary lymph to send to nodes so that infetion can be noted and immune response can begin

67
Q

define lymph

A

Fluid collected from interstitial fluid that empties into the lymphatic vessels

68
Q

WHat do Afferent vessels see when going to a lymph nodes?

A

ENter cortex filled with B cells
Then PAracortex filled with T cells
THen Medula filled with plasma cells
then exit via efferent lymph vessel

69
Q

Role of spleen

A

surveying the blood

70
Q

What is found at the arterial end of the spleen

A

B cell follicles with some t cells just chillin’

71
Q

How cells are allowed to leave the cappliaries for an immune response

A

addhesion molecules on the cappilary wall and cell bind and hold it at that spot. eventually moves through endothelial cells to get to tissue

72
Q

what immune cells can recirculate

A

Lymphocytes

73
Q

Recirculating of Lymphocytes

A

Enter lymph node, hang out, leave if inactivated and go somewhere else. Repeat until they find some action

74
Q

what happens in an infection

A

Pathogen touches a dendritic cell and it phagocytosises it and processes its antigen to go into the lymphatics. It enters lymphnodes and presents said antigen to the T cells. T cells activate, expand, and goes to circulation to find infection and helps innate immune response to better fight

75
Q

Importance of the innate immune response

A

Maintain physical and chemical barriers against microbial entry
Inital response to pathogen
Remove damaged cells
Initiates tissue repair and healing, and inflamation
Stimulates adaptive immune response

76
Q

what immune response is non speicific

A

Innate

77
Q

what can trigger innate immunity

A

infectious or non-infectious material

78
Q

relation of the innate and adaptive immune response

A

Innate coordinated adaptive, adaptive boosts innate

79
Q

Non-induceable innate immunity

A

Skin(epithelial cells), mucus, commensal bacteria, lysozyme, and antimicrobial peptides

80
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

Alpha and Beta-Defensins; Cathelicidin

81
Q

Inducible innate mechanism

A 
Innate immune cells(neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, Natural killer cells)
Neutralizing antiodies (secretory IgA)
82
Q

Most important part of immunity to prevent infection

A

The skin(epithelial cells)

83
Q

What cells reside under the skin to fight infection

A

Mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, some T cells

84
Q

How Innate immune cells recognize danger and nonself

A

recognize through patterns

85
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters for BActeria

A

Lipoplysaccharide, peptidoglycan, CpG DNA, flagellin

86
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patters for Viruses

A

double stranded and single stranded RNA

87
Q

Pathogen associated Molecular Patters for fungus

A

Chitin, Zymosan

88
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns

A 
Complement products
Reactive Oxygen Intermediateas
Stress-induced molecules
Metabolic Products
Nucleic acids
Exogenous substances
89
Q

Complemt products of DAMPs

A

C3b, C4b

90
Q

REactive oxygen intermediates of DAMPs

A

H2O2, OH, O2-

91
Q

Stress-induced molecules DAMPs

A

Head shock proteins, chaperone proteins, lactoferrin, Hyaluronic acid fragments

92
Q

Medtabolic product DAMPs

A

K, ATP, uric acid, Cholesterol, saturated fatty acids

93
Q

Nucleic acid DAMPs

A

mRNA, ssRNA, chromatin components (histones)

94
Q

Exogenous substances DAMPs

A

Alum, silica, asbestos

95
Q

Patern Recognition receptors can be

A

Cell-associated or unassociated with a cell

96
Q

Examples of Pattern REcognition receptors

A

Toll-like, NOD-like, RIG-lik, C-type LEctin, Scavenger, Collectins

97
Q

Where are Toll like REceptors found

A

bond to the membrane(either cell membrane or endosome)

98
Q

TLR1

A

Bacterial lipopetides

99
Q

TLR2

A

BActerial peptidoglycan

100
Q

TLR3

A

dsRNA

101
Q

TLR4

A

LPS

102
Q

TLR5

A

Bacterial Flagellin

103
Q

TLR6

A

Bacterial lipopetides

104
Q

TLR7

A

ssRNA

105
Q

TLR8

A

ssRNA

106
Q

TLR9

A

CpG DNA

107
Q

TRL1 and TLR2 like to

A

associate with each other

108
Q

TRL2 and TLR6 like to

A

associate with each other

109
Q

Toll-like receptors on the endosome

A

TLR3, TLR7, TLE8, TLR9

110
Q

What cells highly express Toll-like recptors

A

Dendritic cells, Monocyctes/macrophages, neutrophils

111
Q

Activation of Toll-like Receptors leads to

A

DC maturation, Stimulation of antigen presention, Phagocytosis, Cellular activation, PRoduction of proinflammatory cytokinnes/chemokines

112
Q

Where are NOD-like Receptors found

A

Free- cytoplasmic

113
Q

NOD-like Receptors recognize

A

PAMPs and Damps

114
Q

Complexes of NOD-like Receptors

A

inflammasomes

115
Q

Inflammasomes (activation of IL-1 and IL-18) lead to

A

Caspase 1 activation

116
Q

NOD-like Receptor activation can lead to

A

apoptosis, and autophagy

117
Q

relation betwen toll-like and NOD-like receptors

A

Work together

118
Q

Where Retinoic ACid Inducible Gene-1 (RIG) Receptors are found

A

Cytoplasmic receptors

119
Q

RIG REceptors recognize

A

VIral RNA

120
Q

Activation of RIG receptors leads to

A

Production of Antiviral Proteins (Interferon Alpha and Beta)

121
Q

rWhat does LEctin bind to

A

Binds to carbohydrates

122
Q

Why pathogens use Lectins

A

To bind to target cells

123
Q

C-type Lectin Receptors recognize

A

Carbohydrates based DAMPs and LAMPs

124
Q

Group 1 CLR’s

A

Mannose

125
Q

Group 2 CLR’s

A

asialoglycoprotein

126
Q

Scavenger REceptors bind to

A

Lipids from host or foreign

127
Q

Why Scavenger Receptors can tell when cells are about to die

A

Cell membrane starts to flip when dying, and Scavenger Receptors can sense it

128
Q

Collagen domain fused to a lectin domain

A

Collectins

129
Q

Where Collectins are found

A

In blood

130
Q

Upon binding to a ligand (Carbs), collectins can

A

Activate Complement, Phagocytosis, Agglutination

131
Q

Serum based mechanism to destroy pathogens

A

Complement activation

132
Q

What is involved in Complement Activation

A

no cells, just 30 Proteins

133
Q

What does complement activation lead to:

A
  1. Pathogen Destruction
  2. Pathogen opsonization(aids phagocytosis)
  3. Clearance of immune complexes (Ab-Ag)
  4. Creation of peptides to help the inflammatory response
134
Q

3 pathways for complement activation

A

Classical, Lectin and Alternative

135
Q

What activates the Classical Complement

A

Antigen antibody complexes and C1

136
Q

What activates the Lectin Pathway

A

Manose binding ligand binding to a pathogen

137
Q

What activates the Alternative Pathway

A

Binding of C3 to a pathogen

138
Q

What pathway for complement activation is delayed

A

Classical

139
Q

All pathways for complimentation reaches what point

A

C3 being cut into C3b and C3a. C3a= inflammation, C3b=attaches to pathogen
C5 then is cleaved to C5b and C5a. C5a= inflammation c5b= lysis of microbe

140
Q

what is C3b

A

An opsonin, aids with phagocytosis

141
Q

roles of c3b

A

opsonin, Solubizations of Immune complexes, Virus Neutralization

142
Q

Action of C5b

A

Attaches to pathogen membrane and aids in other proteins coming in a forming a pore on the pathogen. causes problems, and pathogen death

143
Q

Engulfment of fluid and macromolecules

A

Macropinocytosis

144
Q

Similar to macropinocytosis but receptor mediated

A

Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

145
Q

Ingestion of Large extracellular particles, and receptor mediated

A

Phagocytosis

146
Q

ONce something is injested by the cell

A

Enters as an endosome, processed to become a Late-endosome. Late endosome fuses with a lysosome to form a endolysosome. peptides go to PAMPS or DAMPs or exocytosis or antigen presenting

147
Q

hat is needed for Phagocytosis

A

Receptor mediated, but still have lysosomes added to it to form a phago-lysosome

148
Q

Autophagy

A

Reuses old stuff, good for fighting infection that have entered cell.

149
Q

role of inflammation

A

Elimate foreign substances and repair damaged tissue

micro immuno exam 1 (8 decks)

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