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micro immuno exam 1 > exam 1 lecture 3 and 4 > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

Spheres (cocci)
Rods (bacilli)-straight or bent
Spirals (Spirilla)

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2
Q

what do all bacteria have

A

Nucleoid( chromosomal DNA)
Cytosol (polyribosomes, PR, carbs, inclusions)
Plasma membrane (phospholipids and PR)
Cell wall

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3
Q

what do some bacteria have

A 
Flagella(gram pos or neg)
Fimbriae(pili)(gram-pos or neg)
Capsule (gram pos and neg)
Outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria)
Endospores (gram-positive)
Periplasm (gram-negative)
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4
Q

Region in cytoplasm where genomic DNA is located (plus regulatory pr)

A

Nucleoid

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5
Q

what is the nucleoid attached to

A

cell membrane and central structures of the cell

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6
Q

what fills bacterial cytoplasm

A

ribosomes (50s+ 30s)

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7
Q

provides shape to cell

A

cytoskeleton

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8
Q

Granules that contains reserve materials(glycogen, lipids phosphates)

A

inclusion bodies

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9
Q

what is the functional equivalent to organelles in Bacteria

A

Cell membrane

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10
Q

What is the cellular membrane made of

A

Phospholipids and PR, lacks sterols (except mycoplasma)

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11
Q

the place of active transport

A

Permeability barrier

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12
Q

where energy is made in bacteria

A

on the cell membrane (Contains electron transport chain)

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13
Q

role of receptor protein in the bacterial cell membrane

A

chemotaxis

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14
Q

function of cell wall

A

physical protection from mechanical disruption or osmotic lysis
barrier against toxic chemical, bio agents
cell shape

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15
Q

cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

many layers of peptidoglycan, Teichoic Acid or lipoteichoic acid, special components for certain cells

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16
Q

Polymer of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate and various sugars, amino acids

A

Teichoic acid

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17
Q

function of teichoic acid

A

unknown, but may help with secretion

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18
Q

variation of TA that anchors cell wall to membrane through glycolipids in the membrane

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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19
Q

structure of peptidoglycan

A

glycan chains that are crosslinked to one another by peptide side chains and pentaglycine interbridges

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20
Q

lysozymes are found

A

present in tears, saliva, and mucus(the innate immune system)

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21
Q

How lysozymes work

A

cleave beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds between NAG and NAM polysaccharides of petidoglycan

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22
Q

what is penicillin effective against

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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23
Q

how penicillin works

A

Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase and carboxypeptidase enzymes that form crosslinks between glycan chains

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24
Q

Gram Negative Bacterial cell wall

A

2 membranes and thin single layer of peptidoglycan between

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25
Q

since the outer membrane of the gram negative bacteria is impermeable, how do nutrients get into the cell

A

porins that allow diffusion of hydrophilic solute molecules and excludes harmful molecules from the environment

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26
Q

What does periplasmic space contain

A

contains a gel-like matrix

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27
Q

periplasmic space proteins are important for:

A

transport, chemotactic, and hydrolytic roles

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28
Q

Role of Lipoplysaccharides

A

Have a negative charge to protect against phagocytosis

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29
Q

what is found on the outer portion of gram negative bacterial cell walls

A

Lipoplysaccharides

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30
Q

parts of lipopolysaccharides

A 
O antigen polysaccharide side chain
Core Polysaccharide
Lipid A(toxin)
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31
Q

What makes up the O antigen polysaccharide side chain

A

Linked sugars

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32
Q

Role of O antigen polysaccharide side chain

A

Antigen determinant

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33
Q

diveristy of LPS core polysaccharides

A

Similar between species

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34
Q

Phospholipid with glucosamine instead of glycerol as part of LPS in the outer membrane

A

Lipid A(toxic)

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35
Q

Smallest known bacterial species

A

Mycoplasma

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36
Q

Cell wall and membrane of Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall and membrane contains a sterol-like molecule

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37
Q

where Mycoplasma is foun

A

Usually osmotically protected environments as a parasite on hosts

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38
Q

what causes walking pneumoniae

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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39
Q

A thick hydrophilic gel that surrounds the bacterial cell

A

Capsule (slime layer)

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40
Q

what are Capsules made of

A

Usually: polysaccharides
sometimes: polypeptiedes

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41
Q

Different between a capsule and slime layer

A

Capsule: discrete

Slime layer: amorphous

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42
Q

Purpose of the capsule

A

protect bacteria from immune system

Nutrients

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43
Q

Presence or absence of a capsule depends on

A

growth conditions

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44
Q

what types of bacteria have flagella

A

gram possitive and negative

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45
Q

Monotrichous, lophotrichous, Amphitrichous and peritrichous flagella

A

Mono: 1 flagella
Lophotrichous: many on one side
Amphitrichous: 1 on each side
Peritrichous: many flagella all over

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46
Q

Small thin hair-like projections with role of attachment

A

Fimbriae

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47
Q

Who has Fimbriae

A

both gram + and -

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48
Q

What is Fimbriae made of

A

Fimbrilin PR

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49
Q

Long thicc projections for attachment and DNA transfer

A

Pili

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50
Q

what is used to transfer DNA between Gram negative bacteria

A

Sex pili

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51
Q

What are Pili made of

A

pilin PR

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52
Q

Role of Endoscpores

A

Resist heat and germinate after centuries

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53
Q

Purpose of Spores

A

Survivial under adverse conditions

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54
Q

Small, dehydrated, metabolicaly quiescent form of bacteria that germinate when conditions are favorable

A

Endospores

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55
Q

Why are endospores produced

A

respond to nutrient limitation or a related time for tough times are coming

56
Q

who makes endospores

A

environmental isolates( Bacillus species)

57
Q

What are endospores made of

A

DNA surrounded by membranes/cortex

58
Q

How can bacteria attach to human cells

A

Pili

59
Q

what type of hereditary material is in Bacteria

A

Single of double standed DNA

60
Q

how can a commensal be turned into a pathogen

A

acquisition of virulence genes

61
Q

How is bacterial metabolism different than eukaryotic Metabolism

A

Faster, can use a greater diversity of energy, more diverse nutritional requiremnts, macromolecule synth is streamlined, and has unique processes

62
Q

Catabolism

Anabolism

A

breakdown

Synthesis

63
Q

When ATP, metabolic intermediates and pyruvate are fermented to lactic acid or alcohol

A

Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway

64
Q

Pathway that generates NADPH and Pentoses and ribose 5-phosphate(nucleotides)

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

65
Q

Pathway that generates ATP from oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Krebs Cycle/TCA cycle/citric acid cycle

66
Q

“material” starts for metabolism

A

PO4, Carbon, SO4, and NH3

67
Q

Diffusion based on concentration gradients

A

Facilitated diffusion

68
Q

Active transport needs what to occure

A

ATP cleaving

69
Q

SUbstrate level phosphorylation

A

Transfer of electrons and protons via NAD+ directly to an organ acceptor to make characteristic end products

70
Q

Respiration

A

substrate oxidation coupled to transport of electrons through a chain of carriers in the membrane to an acceptor molecule

71
Q

what is the normal acceptor molexule in respiration

A

Oxygen

72
Q

difference between aerobes and anaerobes

A

ability to rement or respire and how to cope with oxygen

73
Q

What oxygen gets turned into for anaerobes

A

Hydogen peroxide or superoixde anions

74
Q

when electrons and protens are transfered to O2 as a final acceptor

A

hydrogen peroxide

75
Q

what is produced as an intermediate when O2 is reduced

A

superoxide anion

76
Q

enzymes for Hydrgeon peroxide production

A

Catalase or peroxidase

77
Q

enzymes for superoxide aion

A

superoxide dismutase

78
Q

organism that lack catalase and superoxide dismutase are

A

strict anaerobes

79
Q

require O2 to grow

A

Obligate aerobes

80
Q

can not grow when O2 is present

A

Obligate anaerobes

81
Q

can grow with and without O2 (Contain genes for fermentation and respiration)

A

Facultative aerobes

82
Q

when do anearobic metabolism-fermentation, but can tolerate O2

A

Aerotolerant anerobes

83
Q

Type of bacteria that mostly ferment sugar but can tolerate some O2

A

Streptococci

84
Q

Otimal growth at low pH

A

acidophiles

85
Q

Optimal growth at high pH

A

Alkaliphiles

86
Q

Optimal growth at neutral pH

A

Neutraphiles

87
Q

Require high Salt

A

Halophiles

88
Q

Capable of growth in high sugar

A

Osmophiles

89
Q

grow between 45-122 degrees celcius

A

Thermophile

90
Q

TIme it takes for 1 bacteria to devide to 2

A

Doubling time

91
Q

what is involved in doubling time

A

environment, expression of genes, bacterial type

92
Q

Time when bacteria adapt to environment, while genes are being turned on to metabolise

A

LAg phase

93
Q

bacteria grow logarithmically

A

Exponential phase

94
Q

slope of line of exponential phase

A

growth rate-Td

95
Q

where growth stops becuase nutrients are gone, or toxic buildup of toxic by-products

A

Stationary phase

96
Q

introduces supercoils into DNA

A

DNA gyrase

97
Q

Relaxes DNA supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

98
Q

Steps to chromosomal replication

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

99
Q

DNA replication direction of bacteria

A

Bidirectional

100
Q

how is new DNA made

A

semi-conservatively (each daughter contains half new and half old dna

101
Q

When a nucleotide is changed

A

Base Substitution

102
Q

When a nucleotide is inserted

A

Insertion

103
Q

When a nucleotide is deleated

A

Deletion

104
Q

when a nucleotide chnage results in a stop codon

A

Nonsense

105
Q

When a nucleotide change results in an an amino acid change

A

Missense

106
Q

When a DNA sequence is abnormally copied

A

Duplication

107
Q

When a base substitution has no effect on protein sequence

A

Silent

108
Q

when insertion/ deletion occurs in a coding sequence

A

Frameshift

109
Q

When a nonsense mutation occurs, it results in

A

a truncated PR

110
Q

When does Homologous recombination occure

A

Anytime there is a source of recombinant DNA and strand breaks in the bacterial chromosome

111
Q

what is needed for Homologous recombination

A

Donor DNA must hace large region of identical nucleotide sequence to host
REcipient cell must have recA gene

112
Q

gene that controls Homologous recombination

A

recA

113
Q

The ability to take up GNA from the environment

A

Natural transformation

114
Q

transfer of plasmid DNA through sex pili

A

Conjugation

115
Q

bacteria phge accidentally inject bacterial DNA into host bacterial cell

A

Transduction

116
Q

DNA that can insert or excise itsself from the chromosome or plasmid

A

transposable elements

117
Q

What can happen to DNA upon transformation

A

gets degraded by nucleases for raw material

Integrated into the chromosome via recombo

118
Q

When peptide pheromones produced by other bacteria are sensed by bacteria and turn on genes for competence

A

quorum sensing

119
Q

mediates Natural transformation

A

quorum sensing

120
Q

When do transposable elements cause a mutation

A

when the element inserts into the coding sequence of a gene

121
Q

how large are antibiotic resistance or virulence genes

A

large

122
Q

Problem with making mRNA and PRotein

A

energetically expensive

123
Q

How do bacteria control when certain proteins are made

A

sense their environemt through quorum sensing

124
Q

Binds to promoter loacted upstream of gene start codon

A

RNA polymerase

125
Q

what determines activity of promoter and amount of mRNA that gets made

A

Strength of interaction of RNA polymerase and Promoter, and regulatory proteins

126
Q

Multiple genes arranged together on the same mRNA transciprt expressed from the same promoter

A

Operon

127
Q

how are Operons transcribed

A

Co-transcribed

128
Q

Relation of transcription and translation in bacteria

A

coupled

129
Q

Transcriptional regulation

A

promoter activity regulated by transcription factors, sigma factors, proteins etc

130
Q

Post-transcriptional regulation

A

mRNA stability

131
Q

Translational regulation

A

translation initiation

132
Q

Post-translational regulation

A

Protein turnover

133
Q

Regulates genes in response to an environmental stimuli

A

Two component regulatory system

134
Q

The study of genes and how to determine what they do

A

Functional genomics; manipulate through mutations and knockouts

135
Q

essential genes

A

can’t be mutated for viability

136
Q

genes that only are needed under certain conditions

A

dispensable genes

137
Q

genes directly related to the ability of bacteria to cause disease

A

Virulence factors

micro immuno exam 1 (8 decks)

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