Adaptive immunity Flashcards by Jacob Amato

Large Glycoproteins that recognize a specific Antigen

Immunoglobulin

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Types of immunoglobin

Membrane bound-b cell receptors

Non-membrane bound-antibody

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Parts of an antibody

Heavy(long) and light(short) chain

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how heavy and light chain connect

Disulfide bond

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How many different types of heavy and light chains can a b cell produce

one type of each

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Papain turns an antibody into

2 Fab fragments and one Fc fragment

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Where anitgen binds

Fab fragments

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The Fc area of an antibody binds wehre

Fc receptors on innate immune cells

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Where antigen binding occures

Variable region(different between antibodies) contain and light and heavy chain part

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Are Immunoglobulins flexible

Yes, needs to move a bit to bind to antigens

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Amino acid sequence that demonstrate extreme variability between different lg molecules

Hypervariable regions

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Where the Hypervariable region is found

at least 3 areas of the variable region

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length of the hypervariable region

5-7 amino acids longs

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Role of the hypervariable regions

give rise to the enormous antigenic diversity associated with Ig molecules

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Region of antigen with little variation

Constant region

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changes in the Constant region leads to

change in size, charge, solubility, and structure of an Ig molecule

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Different structures of Ig molecules

isotypes

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Light chain isotypes

Kappa and Lambda

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Role of Light Chain Isotypes

Contribute to diversity but not function

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different heavy chain isotypes

Mu, Delta, Gamma, Epsilon, and alpha in addition to subclasses within

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What is produced when a naive b cell first encounters an antigen

It will produce IgM

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what can lead to class switching of isotypes

Genetic Rearrangements of the constant region

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Structural Isoforms

Membrane-bound Ig
Secreted Ig
Secretory Ig

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Where Secretory and Secreted Isoforms are found

Secretory- secretions (tears mucus)

Secreted-found in blood

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Domain found on membrane-bound Ig

Cytoplasmic and Transmembrane domain

Secreted Ig lacks

Transmembrane and cytoplasmic donmains

Roll of Secretory component of Ig

Protection

Packages the Heavy and light chain Immunoglobins

the Smooth ER

When membrane bound immunoglobin binds to the membrane

In the ER and allways until it binds to cell membrane

Multiple immunoglobulins together

Polymeric Immunoglobulins

Most common Polymeric Immunoglobulins

igM=5 | igA=2

Holds together Polymeric Immunoglobulins

J chain

How Secretory Immunoglobenulins enter the lumen

Bind to receptor, enter transport vesicle then enter the lumen of body tract

Because B Cell receptors don't go far into the cytoplasm, what do they complex with to induce a response

Ig-alpha and Ig-beta and they use ITAM to induce a response

Exons vs introns

Coding | Non coding

What makes up the variable region of Immunoglobulin genes

Small DNA fragments call gene segements

Types of Gene segments

Variable, Diversity, Joining

What gene segment does the light chain not have

D segment

What is Somatic recombination

Random rearangement of the V, D, and J segments of the variable region

Where V, D, J recombination occures

in every naive B cell

Changing V, D, J recombination

Perminant

V, D, J Recombination allows for

Large antigenic diversity of Ig

Relation between V, D, J recombination and the Ig Isotype

NO relation

The Antigenic Determinant is also called an

Epitope

Do antigens always bind to the entire Ag site

No, tend to make most contact with CDR3 of Ig H chain

how the anti body can change to for to the antigen

conformational changes

The strength of the non-covalent association between one antigen-binding site and one antigenic epitope

Affinity

The overall strength of the bond between a multivalent Ab and Multivalent Ag

Avidity

Occurs when one epitope is shared by two Ag, or when two epitopes on separate Ag are similar in structure

Cross Reactivity

Stages of B Cell development

Maturation and Differentiation

B Cell Development that begins in the bone marrow and ends in the periphery

Maturation

What stage is the B cell still naive

Maturation

B cell Development that begins once a B cell recognizes its sepcific Ag, ends with the generation of Ag-specific plasma cells and memory B cells

Differentiation

Stages of B cell Maturation

``` Hematopoietic stem cell Mutlipotent progenitor cell Common Lymphoid progenitor Progenitor B cell Precursor B cell Immature Naive B cell Mature Naive B cell ```

Roll of Stromal cells in B cell maturation

Bind to B cell and help it stay in place and feed it, then secrete shit to make it change and mature

The first Hematopoietic cells that are recognizable as B cells

Pro-B cells

Configuration of Immunoglobulin genes of Pro-B Cells

Germline configuration

What separates Pro-B and Pre-B Cells

Pre-B cells have their V(D)J recombinations of both chains complete

Late pre-B cells produce

Membrane bound IgM plus Ig-alpha and Beta

What do Immature B cells develop

Central Tolerance

What do Immatre B cells get to do to their Ig loci

Can rearrange in the process of receptor editing

how many Immauter B cells survive positive/negative selection

2-5%

Process of Central tolerance

Immauter B cells bind to bond marrow stromal cells, self react, edit and if still self react, they pop(negative selection)

Travel of Transitional Type 1 B cells

Red pulp then PALS

Transition Type 2 B cells express

Both Igm and IgD

How a B Cell can have 2 different receptors

Excise different exons

Mature B cells express

IgM and IgD

V(D)J rearrangements of Mature B cells

Cannot do it

What are Mature B cells considered to be

Naive

Types of B cell antigens

T-dependent and T-independent

T dependent B cell antigens are usually

Follicular B cells

T-independent B cell antigens are usually

Marginal zone B cells

B cell antigen that are Isotype-switched, High affinity antibodies, memory b cells and long lived plasma cells

T-dependent

B Cell antigens with mainly Igm, low affininty antibodies, short lived plasma cells

T-independent

T-independent antigen TI-2 binds to

only the B cell receptor

T-Indepenent Antigen TI-1 binds to

B cell receptor plus others

Process of T-dependent antigens

Dendritic cell recognizes the Protein antigen. Presents it to Helper T cell and this then goes and gives it to the B cell

Zones for T-dependent antigens

T cell zone and B cell zone(Primary follicle)

Steps of B cell activation

Antigen Binding, Costimulation, Cytokine help, and B cell clonal expansion and differentiation

Where B cell acivation occurs

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Signal 1 of B cell activation

Binding of Multiple Ag to B cell receptor. Isgnal tranmitted via Ig-alpha/Ig-beta

Result of Signal 1 of B cell activation

Internalization of Ag, processes Ag for presentation via MHC II B cell expands in size and gets ready for interaction with T cell

Signal 2 of B cell acitvation

Interaction with activated, Ag-specific T helper cell

T cell receptor for B cell Activation

Peptide-MHC II

CD40L binds to:

CD40 on B cell

Signal 3 for B cell activation

Cytokine stimulation by activated, Ag-specific T helper Cell. Also receive cytokines from nearby activated macrophages and dendritic cells

Pimary follicle does what to become a secondary follicle

Th effector cell from paracortex binds to receptive B cell. Forms a Mantle of Naive B cells

What occures in the Geminal centers

Somatic Hypermutation, Affinity maturation, Isotype switching

Types of Plasma cells

Short lived and Long Lived

Short lived Plasma cells secrete

Low affinity IgM

Short lived Plasma cells can be made way

Ti and Td Antigens

Long lived Plasma cells arise from

Germinal centers then mirgrate tot he bone marrow, lymph node medulla or red pulp of spleen to secrete IgG, IgA, IgE

Role of antibodies

Aid with clearance/ destruction of antigen | Neutralization, classical complement activation, opsonization, antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

How to block attachment of antibodies

Steric interference, Capsid Stabilization, strucural changes

Ways to neutralize antibodies

Block attachment or uncoating

How to block uncoating of antibodies

Capsid stabilization, and fusion interference

Coating of an antigen with host protein to trigger phagocytosis

Opsonization

Immunoglobulins involved in Opsonization

IgG1 and IgG3

What helps to destroy Ab-coated substance that is too large to be ingested by phagocytosis

Natural Killer T cells baring FcRs

Roll of Memory B cells

Aid in the time and overal effectiveness of the seoncdary response to an attack