Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro immuno exam 1 > exam 1 lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 great enimies of humanity

A

fever
famine
war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what did people realize was bad for cleanliness in 1900s

A

throwing garbage in the street

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Grandfathers of microbio

A

Pasteur and Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pasteur and Koch ushered in

A

the first golden age of microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what was done duing the first golden age of mimcrobio

A

bacterial diseases and pathogens that caused them were defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who discovered peniciliam

A

Fleming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

purified penicilin to be used during wwII

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Brois Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each new antibiotic leads to:

A

Resistant strains of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vital roles of Microbes

A

breakdown/recycling
Bio-remediation
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can bacteria metabolize

A

metabolize anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Rhizbia(legumes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bacteria in remen that breakdown cellulose

A

Reminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lead to the field of microbiology

A

discovery of the microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do microbes consist of

A

Parasites
Fungi
Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most diverse of all living microorganisms

A

Parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LIfe cycle of microbes

A

complex life cycle needing multiple vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

may depend on combinations of animals, arthropod, crustacean hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how fungi live

A

free living - ubiquitous in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

description of bacteria

A

smallest independently living cell
Cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a cell wall
No organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How bacteria devide

A

Binary Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Smallest and simplest infectious agent

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do Viruses need

A

obligate intracellular parasites- require host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what makes up a virus

A

Protein coat surrounding nucleic acid(RNA or DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When a microbe can only infect certain cells

A

Tissue Tropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Established niche at a particular body site

A

Residents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Acquired from the environment and establish themselves biefly

A

Transients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What inhibits transients

A

Resident bacteria or host immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Potentially pathogenic organism becomes a resident

A

Carrier state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where babies get their first microbe

A

Mother’s vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where bacteria colonize

A

in place best suited to physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What facters do bacteria consider when determining location to colonize

A

Available nutrient
pH (acidic, neutral, or basic)
Redox potential
Resistnace to local antibacterial substances (bile, lysozyme)
Adhesion mediated affinity to receptor on host cells
Microbial interactions (who else is already there- competition and inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Environment of Skin

A

Dry, slightly acidic, aerobic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where is bacterial flora is highest

A

on moist skin (armpits, perineum, between toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how can skin flora exist on skin

A

resist bactericidal effects of skin lipids and fatty acids(kill extraneous bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Microaerophilic or anearobic gram-positive rods that can grow on sebum and break down skin lipids to fatty acid

A

Proprionibacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bacteria of Mouth and pharynx

A

Many bacteria that are different in different sites. Lots of strptococci, neisseria and Moraxella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bacteria of Orthopharyn

A

Mostly Neisseria and Strptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Bacteria of Stomach and small bowel

A

few organisms (Helicobacter pylori), more towards lower ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bacteria of Colon

A

most abudant and diverse microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Bacteria of Feces

A

25% bacteria, 90% anaerobes

40
Q

Bacteria of Anterior nares

A

Similar to skin flora, Staphylococcus aureus

41
Q

Primary site of carriage for pathogens

A

Anterior nares

42
Q

Bacteria Nasopharynx

A

Similar flora as mouth, Pneumococci, menigococci, haemophilus speices

43
Q

Bacteria of Larynx and Respiratory tract

A

protected in health by epithelial ceilia and by movement of mucocilary blanket

44
Q

Bacteria of Accessory Sinuses

A

Normally sterile, protected by epithelium and epithelium and Eustachian tubes

45
Q

Urinary tract bacteria

A

Sterile in health except for 1cm of distal

46
Q

Vaginal tract bacteria is influenced

A

Flora is influenced by hormonal fluctuations

47
Q

Vaginal tract flora pre-puberty and after menopause

A

Mixed nonspeific and relative scanty, like skins flora and colon(high pH)

48
Q

Vaginal tract flora during childbearing years

A

mostly lactoacillus

some anaerobic gram-neg rods, gram-pos. cocci and yeast (pH is 3.5-4.0)

49
Q

why lactobacilli are found in childbearing years

A

due to estrogen, glycogen is deposited in vaginal epithelial

50
Q

Occur when microbes invade noramally sterile locations, or host defenses are reduced

A

Opportunistic infections

51
Q

Competition between normal flora and potential invaders

A

Exclusionary effect

52
Q

How priming the immune system works

A

Microbiota important for development of the immune system

53
Q

persistence and invasion lead to disease

A

no, organism must also cause damage to host

54
Q

how can a pathological organism cause damage to host

A
  • host response to organism(inflammation) can cause damage or symptoms
  • Bacteria can produce toxins that act on host cells
  • secrete enzymes that degrade host tissues, cause inflammation and facilitate spread
55
Q

ezymes secreted by bacteria that can degrade host tissue

A

Collagenase, Proteases, Hydrolytic Enzymes

56
Q

how pathogens can evade the immune response

A

attack immune effector cells
Secrete enzymes that degrade host effector molecules(antibodies
Change surface structure to evade the immune response
Hide inside host cells

57
Q

steps of Diagnosis of infectious Diseases

A

Specimen collection

Identification of organisms

58
Q

how to indentify an organism

A

Direct examination of organism (microscopy)
Isolation of organism ( selective growth conditions)
Identification of organism (growth characteristics and biochem tests)
Imunological techniques
DNA or sequence based techniques

59
Q

specimen localized in an otherwise sterile location (deep abscess or CSF)

A

Direct specimen

60
Q

Specimen collection that is the highest quality with the highest risk

A

Direct specimen

61
Q

When specimen collection must pass through a site containing normal flora

A

Indirect sample

62
Q

Sample where pathogen and nonpathogenic flora are mixed

A

Sample from site with normal flora

63
Q

how long between collection and isolation

A

3-4 hours

64
Q

do all organisms live long outiside body

A

no, poor viability

65
Q

When is bacterial growth after collection a problem

A

pathogen found in low numbers

66
Q

description of sample transport media

A
  • Buffered fluid or semisolid media
  • designed to maintain neutral pH and prevent drying out
  • minimal nutrients to minimize growth of bacterial contaminants
67
Q

what is direct ecampination

A

use of light microscopy to detect bacteria, fungi, and parasites

68
Q

primary bacterial stains

A 
crystal violet (purple)
Carbol-Fuchsin (red)
69
Q

Counter stains(secondary)

A 
Safranin (red)
methylene blue (blue)
70
Q

what do Gram stains stain

A

Stain ribonuclear PR inside cells

71
Q

What do acid fast stain stain

A

stains mycolic acid of acid-fast bacteria

72
Q

Gram-stains examples

A 
Safranin(red)
Crystal Violet (purple
73
Q

Acid-fast stain examples

A

carbol-fuchsin (red)

Safranin (red)

74
Q

how direct immunofluorescenc works

A

Fluorescein-labeled antibody binds to antigen fixed to slide

75
Q

how indirect Immunofluorescence works

A

Antibody is fixed to antigen and fluorescein-labeld antiimmunoglobulin bings to fixed antibody to make a antigen-antibody complex

76
Q

media used to isolate specific groups of bacteria

A

Selective media

77
Q

How selective media works

A

media contains chem substances that inhibits the growth of one type of bacteria while permitting another

78
Q

Media that distinguishes between closely related species of bacteria based on characteristics on media (color change or colony morphology)

A

Differential media

79
Q

temp for culturing

A

35-37 celcius

80
Q

Aerobic conditions for culturing

A

like normal area (78% N2, 21% O2, 1% Ar, less than 1% for all else

81
Q

When needed CO2 for atmospheric conditions

A

required by some organisms (2-5% Co2 incubator)

82
Q

Conditions for microaerophilic

A

5% O2, 10% CO2

83
Q

what needs anaerobic conditions

A

Anaerobic bacteria that are killed by O2

84
Q

How to create an anaerobic envirnoment

A

Anaerobe chamber( contains catalyst that reacts with residual O2)

85
Q

What are culture characteristics

A

Nutritional requirements, pigment productions

86
Q

what are done in biochemical tests

A

Ability to attack various substrates or produce metabolic by-products

87
Q

the ability to interact with antibodies

A

Serology

88
Q

Whats to characterize colonies

A 
Culture characteristics
biochem
toxin production and pathogenicity
antigenic structure
genomic structure
89
Q

Evidence of Cytopathic effects

A

Viral infections

90
Q

Evidence of Cytopathic effects of viral infections

A 
Morpholgical changes to the cells (host tissues, cells lines)
Immunologic tests (antibodies against virus can be detected in blood)
91
Q

what antibody and antigen produce when they interact in an immunological test

A

Precipitate

92
Q

Cross linking of red blood cells

A

Hemagglutination

93
Q

Viruses can cause

A

Hemagglutination

94
Q

how to neutralize Hemagglutination from viruses

A

Antibodies from patient’s blood against suspected virus

95
Q

Use of horse/sheep Red Blood cells, which cross-react to antibodies agaist EBV, resulting in agglutination of red blood cells

A

Mononucleosis test

96
Q

When Target DNA is bound to a membrane and complementary DNA probe attached to a color producing enzyme is reacted with membrane. Signal is produced only if DNA finds it’s target(positive test)

A

DNA Hybridization and Probes

97
Q

DNA specific “primers”
are used to amplify a target DNA molecule. A product signifies
target is present in sample (positive result).

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

micro immuno exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions