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MSK I > Overview of the Extremities > Flashcards

Overview of the Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

at first, limb buds bend ____, which makes the elbow and knee directed _____, causing palm and sole to be directed _____

A

anteriorly, laterally, medially (toward trunk)

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2
Q

the lower limbs experience ____ rotation and permanent _____.

A

medial rotation, permanent pronation

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3
Q

in what general directions do the limb buds rotate relative to one another?

A

in opposite directions. upper limb rotates clockwise, lower limb rotates counter clockwise

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4
Q

implications of limb rotation for the the lower limb

A

explains why the knee–unlike joints superior to it–extend anteriorly and flex posteriorly, as do the joins below it

why the foot is oriented with the big toe on the media side whereas the hand becomes oriented with the thumb on the medial side

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5
Q

Bone classification

A

Suture bones (cranial), irregular bones (vertebral bones), flat bones (parietal bones), long bones (humerus), sesamoid bones (patella), short bones (carpals, tarsals)

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6
Q

condyle

A

a rounded process that articulates with another bone

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7
Q

crest

A

a narrow, ridge like projection: EG iliac crest

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8
Q

epicondyle

A

a projection situated above a condyle e.g medial epicondyle of humerus

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9
Q

facet

A

small smooth surface

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10
Q

foramen

A

an opening for the passage of the nerves, foramen magnum

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11
Q

fovea

A

a tiny pit or depression

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12
Q

head

A

enlargement at the head of a bone

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13
Q

linea

A

a narrow line like structure

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14
Q

meatus

A

tube line passageway within a bone

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15
Q

process

A

a prominent projection of a bone

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16
Q

sinus

A

a cavity within a bone frontal sinus

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17
Q

what is an “articulation”

A

a joint or articulation is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth

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18
Q

3 points of joint classification

A

type of connective tissue that binds the articulating surface of the bones

whether a space occurs between the articulating bones

degree of movement

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19
Q

Fibrous

A

dense regular tissue connects the ends of bones and bone parts: NO JOINT cavity

fibrous include gomphosis
suture
syndesmosis

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20
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous

peridontal ligament, holds tooth to bony jaw

classified as synarthrosis (immobile)

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21
Q

suture

A

fibrous

dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

classified as synarthrosis, meaning immobile

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22
Q

syndesmosis

A

dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones ( interosserous membrane)

amphiarthrosis (slight movable)

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23
Q

Cartilagenous

A

synchondrosis, symphysis

cartilage between the ends of bones, no joint cavity

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24
Q

synchondrosis

A

cartilaginous

hyaline cartilage plate

synarthrosis (immobile)

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25
Q

symphysis

A

cartilaginous

fibrocartilage pad between bones, amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)

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26
Q

synovial

A 
ends of bones covered with articular cartilage 
joint cavity separates bones 
enclosed by a joint capsule 
lined by a synovial membrane 
contains synovial fluid

uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

27
Q

uniaxial joint

A

synovial: bone moves in one plane

planar joint: flattened or slightly curved, faces slide across one another

hinge movement, permits angular movements in a single plane

pivot plane: permits rotation only

PLANAR JOINT, HINGE JOINT, PIVOT JOINT

diarthrosis (free moveable)

28
Q

biaxial

A

condyloid joint: bone moves in two planes

oval articular surface on one bone faces a depression on another

SADDLE JOINT: saddle shaped on one surface closely interfaces with depressed surface on another bone

diarthrosis

29
Q

multiaxial

A

bone moves in multiplanes

ball and socket joint: round head of one bone rests within cup shaped depression in another bone

ball and socket joint

diarthrosis

30
Q

what makes a fibrotic joint different from a cartilaginous joint and a synovial joint

A

a fibrotic one = two bones held together by dense regular connective tissue

cartilaginous = bones held together by cartilage

synovial joint = has fluid, bones encapsulated, joined by ligaments

31
Q

synarthrosis/diarthrosis/amphiarthrosis

A 
synarthrosis = immobile 
diarthrosis = free motion 
amphiarthrosis = slightly movable
32
Q

what is different between synchondroses and symphyses?

A

synchodroses has hyaline cartilage

symphyses have fibrocartilage

33
Q

what are the basic features of a synovial joint?

A

ligaments, capsule, membrane, fluid, nerves, vasculature, cartilage

34
Q

Bursae

A

a synovial accessory structure

fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane

there are three near the patella:
infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar. right around tje joint

35
Q

Fatpads

A

synovial accessory structure

often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and acts as packing material and provide some protection for the joint

fills spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape

36
Q

tendon

A

synovial joint accessory structure

attaches a muscle to a bone and helps stabilize joints

there’s a big one in the hand that covers all the tendons

37
Q

what are the six types of synovial joints?

A

planar, pivot, hinge (uniaxial)
saddle and condyloid (biaxial)
ball in socket (multiaxial)

38
Q

atlanto-axial joint =

A

pivot joint

39
Q

acetabulum joint =

A

ball and socket

40
Q

carpometacarpal joint

A

saddle joint

41
Q

elbow joint =

A

hinge joint

42
Q

acromioclavicular joint =

A

plane joint

43
Q

metacarpopharyngeal joint =

A

condyloid

44
Q

deep fascia: 4 things (in general)

A

expansive sheaths of irregular dense tissue that bind together muscles with similar function
carries nerves and blood supply
separates individual muscles
fills spaces between muscles

45
Q

tendons do what?

A

they attach muscles to muscle, bone, or skin

thick cordlike structure

sometimes forms thin sheat called an aponeurosis

46
Q

less movable attachment of a muscle is called the

A

origin

47
Q

more movable attachment of a muscle is called its

A

insertion

48
Q

is the insertion pulled toward the origin or the origin toward the insertion?

A

insertion toward origin

49
Q

origins typically lie ____ to the insertion

A

proximal

50
Q

four “organizational” patterns to fascicles

A

circular, convergent, parallel, pennate

51
Q

circular muscle =

A

sphincter

52
Q

convergent =

A

often triangular in shape, widespread fascicles converging on a common attachment site

53
Q

parallel =

A

fascicles run parallel to its long axis and have a central body called the belly, or gaster

can be strap or fusiform

think strap like muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid

54
Q

pennate =

A

one or more tendons, extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon

think rectus femoris (slide number 42) and deltoid muscle and flexor pollicis longus

55
Q

Unipennate/Bipennate/Multipennate

A

uni: all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bi: most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon
multi: branches of the tendon within the muscle

56
Q

the Epiphyseal plate is what kind of joint?

A

cartilagenous joint

57
Q

name three accessory structures of synovial joints

A

bursa, fatpads, tendons

58
Q

a long bone acts as a ____ and a joint serves as the ______, and effort is generated by a ______ attached to ____

A

long bone, fulcrum, muscle to bone

59
Q

First class lever

A

has a fulcrum between the resistance and the force

60
Q

Second class lever

A

resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force

61
Q

Third Class lever

A

Force is between the fulcrum and the resistance, most common type

62
Q

isometric

A

muscle force is equal to gravity

63
Q

concentric

A

muscle force exceeds gravity

64
Q

eccentric

A

muscle force is overcome by gravity

MSK I (14 decks)

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