Overview of the Extremities Flashcards
at first, limb buds bend ____, which makes the elbow and knee directed _____, causing palm and sole to be directed _____
anteriorly, laterally, medially (toward trunk)
the lower limbs experience ____ rotation and permanent _____.
medial rotation, permanent pronation
in what general directions do the limb buds rotate relative to one another?
in opposite directions. upper limb rotates clockwise, lower limb rotates counter clockwise
implications of limb rotation for the the lower limb
explains why the knee–unlike joints superior to it–extend anteriorly and flex posteriorly, as do the joins below it
why the foot is oriented with the big toe on the media side whereas the hand becomes oriented with the thumb on the medial side
Bone classification
Suture bones (cranial), irregular bones (vertebral bones), flat bones (parietal bones), long bones (humerus), sesamoid bones (patella), short bones (carpals, tarsals)
condyle
a rounded process that articulates with another bone
crest
a narrow, ridge like projection: EG iliac crest
epicondyle
a projection situated above a condyle e.g medial epicondyle of humerus
facet
small smooth surface
foramen
an opening for the passage of the nerves, foramen magnum
fovea
a tiny pit or depression
head
enlargement at the head of a bone
linea
a narrow line like structure
meatus
tube line passageway within a bone
process
a prominent projection of a bone
sinus
a cavity within a bone frontal sinus
what is an “articulation”
a joint or articulation is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth
3 points of joint classification
type of connective tissue that binds the articulating surface of the bones
whether a space occurs between the articulating bones
degree of movement
Fibrous
dense regular tissue connects the ends of bones and bone parts: NO JOINT cavity
fibrous include gomphosis
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
fibrous
peridontal ligament, holds tooth to bony jaw
classified as synarthrosis (immobile)
suture
fibrous
dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones
classified as synarthrosis, meaning immobile
syndesmosis
dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones ( interosserous membrane)
amphiarthrosis (slight movable)
Cartilagenous
synchondrosis, symphysis
cartilage between the ends of bones, no joint cavity
synchondrosis
cartilaginous
hyaline cartilage plate
synarthrosis (immobile)
symphysis
cartilaginous
fibrocartilage pad between bones, amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
synovial
ends of bones covered with articular cartilage joint cavity separates bones enclosed by a joint capsule lined by a synovial membrane contains synovial fluid
uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
uniaxial joint
synovial: bone moves in one plane
planar joint: flattened or slightly curved, faces slide across one another
hinge movement, permits angular movements in a single plane
pivot plane: permits rotation only
PLANAR JOINT, HINGE JOINT, PIVOT JOINT
diarthrosis (free moveable)
biaxial
condyloid joint: bone moves in two planes
oval articular surface on one bone faces a depression on another
SADDLE JOINT: saddle shaped on one surface closely interfaces with depressed surface on another bone
diarthrosis
multiaxial
bone moves in multiplanes
ball and socket joint: round head of one bone rests within cup shaped depression in another bone
ball and socket joint
diarthrosis
what makes a fibrotic joint different from a cartilaginous joint and a synovial joint
a fibrotic one = two bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
cartilaginous = bones held together by cartilage
synovial joint = has fluid, bones encapsulated, joined by ligaments
synarthrosis/diarthrosis/amphiarthrosis
synarthrosis = immobile diarthrosis = free motion amphiarthrosis = slightly movable
what is different between synchondroses and symphyses?
synchodroses has hyaline cartilage
symphyses have fibrocartilage
what are the basic features of a synovial joint?
ligaments, capsule, membrane, fluid, nerves, vasculature, cartilage
Bursae
a synovial accessory structure
fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane
there are three near the patella:
infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar. right around tje joint
Fatpads
synovial accessory structure
often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and acts as packing material and provide some protection for the joint
fills spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape
tendon
synovial joint accessory structure
attaches a muscle to a bone and helps stabilize joints
there’s a big one in the hand that covers all the tendons
what are the six types of synovial joints?
planar, pivot, hinge (uniaxial)
saddle and condyloid (biaxial)
ball in socket (multiaxial)
atlanto-axial joint =
pivot joint
acetabulum joint =
ball and socket
carpometacarpal joint
saddle joint
elbow joint =
hinge joint
acromioclavicular joint =
plane joint
metacarpopharyngeal joint =
condyloid
deep fascia: 4 things (in general)
expansive sheaths of irregular dense tissue that bind together muscles with similar function
carries nerves and blood supply
separates individual muscles
fills spaces between muscles
tendons do what?
they attach muscles to muscle, bone, or skin
thick cordlike structure
sometimes forms thin sheat called an aponeurosis
less movable attachment of a muscle is called the
origin
more movable attachment of a muscle is called its
insertion
is the insertion pulled toward the origin or the origin toward the insertion?
insertion toward origin
origins typically lie ____ to the insertion
proximal
four “organizational” patterns to fascicles
circular, convergent, parallel, pennate
circular muscle =
sphincter
convergent =
often triangular in shape, widespread fascicles converging on a common attachment site
parallel =
fascicles run parallel to its long axis and have a central body called the belly, or gaster
can be strap or fusiform
think strap like muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid
pennate =
one or more tendons, extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon
think rectus femoris (slide number 42) and deltoid muscle and flexor pollicis longus
Unipennate/Bipennate/Multipennate
uni: all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bi: most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon
multi: branches of the tendon within the muscle
the Epiphyseal plate is what kind of joint?
cartilagenous joint
name three accessory structures of synovial joints
bursa, fatpads, tendons
a long bone acts as a ____ and a joint serves as the ______, and effort is generated by a ______ attached to ____
long bone, fulcrum, muscle to bone
First class lever
has a fulcrum between the resistance and the force
Second class lever
resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force
Third Class lever
Force is between the fulcrum and the resistance, most common type
isometric
muscle force is equal to gravity
concentric
muscle force exceeds gravity
eccentric
muscle force is overcome by gravity
