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MSK I > Overview of the Extremities > Flashcards

Overview of the Extremities Flashcards

1
Q

at first, limb buds bend ____, which makes the elbow and knee directed _____, causing palm and sole to be directed _____

A

anteriorly, laterally, medially (toward trunk)

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2
Q

the lower limbs experience ____ rotation and permanent _____.

A

medial rotation, permanent pronation

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3
Q

in what general directions do the limb buds rotate relative to one another?

A

in opposite directions. upper limb rotates clockwise, lower limb rotates counter clockwise

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4
Q

implications of limb rotation for the the lower limb

A

explains why the knee–unlike joints superior to it–extend anteriorly and flex posteriorly, as do the joins below it

why the foot is oriented with the big toe on the media side whereas the hand becomes oriented with the thumb on the medial side

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5
Q

Bone classification

A

Suture bones (cranial), irregular bones (vertebral bones), flat bones (parietal bones), long bones (humerus), sesamoid bones (patella), short bones (carpals, tarsals)

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6
Q

condyle

A

a rounded process that articulates with another bone

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7
Q

crest

A

a narrow, ridge like projection: EG iliac crest

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8
Q

epicondyle

A

a projection situated above a condyle e.g medial epicondyle of humerus

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9
Q

facet

A

small smooth surface

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10
Q

foramen

A

an opening for the passage of the nerves, foramen magnum

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11
Q

fovea

A

a tiny pit or depression

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12
Q

head

A

enlargement at the head of a bone

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13
Q

linea

A

a narrow line like structure

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14
Q

meatus

A

tube line passageway within a bone

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15
Q

process

A

a prominent projection of a bone

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16
Q

sinus

A

a cavity within a bone frontal sinus

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17
Q

what is an “articulation”

A

a joint or articulation is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth

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18
Q

3 points of joint classification

A

type of connective tissue that binds the articulating surface of the bones

whether a space occurs between the articulating bones

degree of movement

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19
Q

Fibrous

A

dense regular tissue connects the ends of bones and bone parts: NO JOINT cavity

fibrous include gomphosis
suture
syndesmosis

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20
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous

peridontal ligament, holds tooth to bony jaw

classified as synarthrosis (immobile)

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21
Q

suture

A

fibrous

dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

classified as synarthrosis, meaning immobile

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22
Q

syndesmosis

A

dense regular connective tissue fibers between bones ( interosserous membrane)

amphiarthrosis (slight movable)

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23
Q

Cartilagenous

A

synchondrosis, symphysis

cartilage between the ends of bones, no joint cavity

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24
Q

synchondrosis

A

cartilaginous

hyaline cartilage plate

synarthrosis (immobile)

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25
symphysis
cartilaginous fibrocartilage pad between bones, amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
26
synovial
``` ends of bones covered with articular cartilage joint cavity separates bones enclosed by a joint capsule lined by a synovial membrane contains synovial fluid ``` uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
27
uniaxial joint
synovial: bone moves in one plane planar joint: flattened or slightly curved, faces slide across one another hinge movement, permits angular movements in a single plane pivot plane: permits rotation only PLANAR JOINT, HINGE JOINT, PIVOT JOINT diarthrosis (free moveable)
28
biaxial
condyloid joint: bone moves in two planes oval articular surface on one bone faces a depression on another SADDLE JOINT: saddle shaped on one surface closely interfaces with depressed surface on another bone diarthrosis
29
multiaxial
bone moves in multiplanes ball and socket joint: round head of one bone rests within cup shaped depression in another bone ball and socket joint diarthrosis
30
what makes a fibrotic joint different from a cartilaginous joint and a synovial joint
a fibrotic one = two bones held together by dense regular connective tissue cartilaginous = bones held together by cartilage synovial joint = has fluid, bones encapsulated, joined by ligaments
31
synarthrosis/diarthrosis/amphiarthrosis
``` synarthrosis = immobile diarthrosis = free motion amphiarthrosis = slightly movable ```
32
what is different between synchondroses and symphyses?
synchodroses has hyaline cartilage | symphyses have fibrocartilage
33
what are the basic features of a synovial joint?
ligaments, capsule, membrane, fluid, nerves, vasculature, cartilage
34
Bursae
a synovial accessory structure fibrous saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane there are three near the patella: infrapatellar, suprapatellar, prepatellar. right around tje joint
35
Fatpads
synovial accessory structure often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and acts as packing material and provide some protection for the joint fills spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape
36
tendon
synovial joint accessory structure attaches a muscle to a bone and helps stabilize joints there's a big one in the hand that covers all the tendons
37
what are the six types of synovial joints?
planar, pivot, hinge (uniaxial) saddle and condyloid (biaxial) ball in socket (multiaxial)
38
atlanto-axial joint =
pivot joint
39
acetabulum joint =
ball and socket
40
carpometacarpal joint
saddle joint
41
elbow joint =
hinge joint
42
acromioclavicular joint =
plane joint
43
metacarpopharyngeal joint =
condyloid
44
deep fascia: 4 things (in general)
expansive sheaths of irregular dense tissue that bind together muscles with similar function carries nerves and blood supply separates individual muscles fills spaces between muscles
45
tendons do what?
they attach muscles to muscle, bone, or skin thick cordlike structure sometimes forms thin sheat called an aponeurosis
46
less movable attachment of a muscle is called the
origin
47
more movable attachment of a muscle is called its
insertion
48
is the insertion pulled toward the origin or the origin toward the insertion?
insertion toward origin
49
origins typically lie ____ to the insertion
proximal
50
four "organizational" patterns to fascicles
circular, convergent, parallel, pennate
51
circular muscle =
sphincter
52
convergent =
often triangular in shape, widespread fascicles converging on a common attachment site
53
parallel =
fascicles run parallel to its long axis and have a central body called the belly, or gaster can be strap or fusiform think strap like muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid
54
pennate =
one or more tendons, extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon think rectus femoris (slide number 42) and deltoid muscle and flexor pollicis longus
55
Unipennate/Bipennate/Multipennate
uni: all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon bi: most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon multi: branches of the tendon within the muscle
56
the Epiphyseal plate is what kind of joint?
cartilagenous joint
57
name three accessory structures of synovial joints
bursa, fatpads, tendons
58
a long bone acts as a ____ and a joint serves as the ______, and effort is generated by a ______ attached to ____
long bone, fulcrum, muscle to bone
59
First class lever
has a fulcrum between the resistance and the force
60
Second class lever
resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force
61
Third Class lever
Force is between the fulcrum and the resistance, most common type
62
isometric
muscle force is equal to gravity
63
concentric
muscle force exceeds gravity
64
eccentric
muscle force is overcome by gravity

MSK I (14 decks)

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